Whey Protein Supplementation Associated With Resistance Training on Health Indicators in Trained Older Women

NCT03247192 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: UEL1700756-1/2016
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 66
• Locations: 0 countries
• Sites: N/A

Brief Summary

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of whey protein supplementation associated with resistance training on muscle strength, body composition, muscle quality, cellular hydration, cardiometabolic risk factors, inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in trained elderly women and to evaluate whether the timing of protein intake provide different responses on these variables.

Conditions

Body Composition; Healthy

Keywords

resistance training; protein supplementation; aging; Randomized Controlled Trial

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (11)

• Change in body composition

  Whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (Lunar Prodigy) was used to assess lean mass and fat mass and its segments. The total skeletal muscle mass (SMM) was estimated by the predictive equation proposed by Kim et al. (Kim et al., 2004). The results are presented in kg.

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in Phase Angle

  Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the resistance (R), and reactance (Xc), and subsequently the phase angle (PhA) was calculated as arc-tangent (Xc/R) x 180°/π. The results are presented in degree

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in cellular hydration

  Spectral bioelectrical impedance device (Xitron Hydra, model 4200, Xitron Technologies, San Diego, CA, USA) was used to estimate the intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), and total body water (TBW). The results are presented in liters (L)

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in C-reactive protein (CRP)

  Measurements of serum levels of high-sensitivity CRP were carried out using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. The results are presented in milligrams per decilitre (mg/dL).

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in inflammatory markers

  Tumor Necrosis Factor -α (TNF-α) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), according to the specifications of the manufacturer (Quantikine High Sensitivity Kit, Minneapolis) and performed in a microplate reader Perkin Elmer, model EnSpire (Waltham, MA, USA). All samples were determined in duplicate to guarantee the precision of the results. The results are presented in picograms per milliliter (pg/ml).

  Baseline and 12 weeks

• Change in CATALASE (CAT)

  The CAT analysis is by measuring the decay in concentration of hydrogen peroxide , and oxygen generation using the technique described by literature. The reading of the CAT reaction was carried out in a spectrophotometer, ThermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 240 nm.

  Baseline and 12 weeks

• Change in superoxide dismutase (SOD)

  The SOD activity in erythrocytes was determined using the pyrogallol method described by literature. The reading of SOD reaction is performed in a spectrophotometer, thermoSpectronic® brand, model HELIOS-α (Waltham, MA, USA) at a wavelength of 420 nm.

  Baseline and 12 weeks

• Change in oxidative stress

  For measurements, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) were determined in the plasma using a semiautomatic method. AOPP concentrations were expressed as micromoles per liter (μmol/L). Total plasma antioxidant capacity (TRAP) was determined by the chemiluminescence method for the induction time of 2.2 azo-bis (2-amidinopropane) and calibrated with Trolox analogue of vitamin E. TRAP values were expressed in μmol of Trolox.

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in lipid profile

  Measurements of serum levels of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C) and triglycerides (TG) were determined using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring) according to established methods in the literature consistent with the manufacturer's recommendations. For the determination of LDL-c was used the Friedewald equation: LDL-c=TC - (HDL-c + TG / 5). The Castelli Index I was calculated by dividing the total cholesterol concentration (TC) by the concentration of HDL-c (CT / HDL-c), while the Castelli Index II was determined from concentration of LDL-c divided by the concentration of HDL-c (LDL-c / HDL-c)

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in glucose, insulin and HOMA-IR

  Measurements of serum levels of glucose (GLU) were determined using a biochemical auto-analyzer system (Dimension Max - Siemens Dade Behring).Insulin was determined by the chemiluminescence method (LIASON equipment) and the Homeostasis Assessment Model (HOMA-IR) was calculated by the formula: Insulin fasting (μUI / mL) x Glucose fasting (mmol / L) / 22.5.

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• change in Muscular strength

  Maximal dynamic strength was evaluated using the 1RM test assessed on chest press, knee extension, and preacher curl exercises performed in this exact order. Testing for each exercise was preceded by a warm-up set (6-10 repetitions), with approximately 50% of the estimated load used in the first attempt of the 1RM. This warm-up was also used to familiarize the subjects with the testing equipment and lifting technique. The testing procedure was initiated 2 minutes after the warm-up. The subjects were instructed to try to accomplish two repetitions with the imposed load in three attempts in both exercises. The rest period was 3 to 5 min between each attempt, and 5 min between exercises. The 1RM was recorded as the last resistance lifted in which the subject was able to complete only one single maximal execution

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

Secondary Outcomes (3)

• Change in anthropometric measurements

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Change in blood pressure

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

• Dietary intake

  baseline 1; after 8 weeks (baseline2) and after 12 weeks

Study Arms (3)

Whey protein-placebo

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants received a dose of 35 grams of whey protein before resistance training (RT) and a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) after RT. Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise.

Dietary Supplement: Whey protein-placebo

Placebo-whey protein

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) before resistance training (RT) and a dose of 35 grams of whey protein after RT. Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise.

Dietary Supplement: Placebo-whey protein

Placebo-placebo

PLACEBO COMPARATOR

Participants received a dose of 35 grams of maltodextrin (placebo) before and after resistance training. Participants were personally supervised by physical education professionals with substantial RT experience. The sessions were performed 3 times per week on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, with 3 sets of 08-12 repetition maximums. The RT program was a whole-body program with eight exercises, including: chest press, seated row, triceps pushdown, preacher curl, horizontal leg press, knee extension, leg curl and seated calf raise. Participants were afforded a 1 to 2 min rest interval between sets and 2 to 3 min between each exercise. The training load was consistent with the prescribed number of repetitions for the three sets of each exercise.

Dietary Supplement: Placebo-placebo

Interventions

Whey protein-placebo DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

This investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements

Whey protein-placebo

Placebo-whey protein DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

This investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements

Placebo-whey protein

Placebo-placebo DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

This investigation was carried out over a period of 26 weeks divided in two phases. The first phase of the study was an eight-week period (weeks 3-10), during which subjects were familiarized to RT. Phase 2, supplementation phase, the participants was randomized in three groups and started 12 weeks dedicated to supplementation plus RT (weeks 13-24). At the beginning and the end of each phase of the experiment, two weeks were allocated for evaluations (weeks 1-2, 11-12 and 25-26) consisting of anthropometric, body composition, blood samples, blood pressure, one repetition maximum tests (1RM) and dietary intake measurements

Placebo-placebo

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 60 Years+
• Sex: female
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

• years old or more, physically independent, free from cardiac or orthopedic dysfunction, not receiving hormonal replacement therapy, and not performing any regular physical exercise more than once a week in the six months preceding the beginning of the investigation
• Participants passed a diagnostic graded exercise stress test with a 12-lead electrocardiogram, reviewed by a cardiologist, and were released with no restrictions for participation in this investigation.

You may not qualify if:

• All subjects not participating in 85% of the total sessions of training or withdraw

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Universidade Estadual de Londrina: lead
• Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel: collaborator
• Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico: collaborator

Related Publications (7)

• American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Mar;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670.

  PMID: 19204579 BACKGROUND

• Kim J, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Kotler DP, Mayer L, Albu J, Shen W, Freda PU, Heymsfield SB. Intermuscular adipose tissue-free skeletal muscle mass: estimation by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in adults. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2004 Aug;97(2):655-60. doi: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00260.2004. Epub 2004 Apr 16.

  PMID: 15090482 BACKGROUND

• Sardinha LB, Lohman TG, Teixeira PJ, Guedes DP, Going SB. Comparison of air displacement plethysmography with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and 3 field methods for estimating body composition in middle-aged men. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Oct;68(4):786-93. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/68.4.786.

  PMID: 9771855 BACKGROUND

• Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Fernandes RR, Sugihara Junior P, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Deminice R, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on oxidative stress and antioxidant enzymes in older women. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2019 Aug;29(8):1101-1108. doi: 10.1111/sms.13449. Epub 2019 May 27.

  PMID: 31050066 DERIVED

• Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara P Junior, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Dos Santos L, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effect of whey protein supplementation combined with resistance training on cellular health in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2019 May-Jun;82:232-237. doi: 10.1016/j.archger.2019.03.007. Epub 2019 Mar 7.

  PMID: 30870778 DERIVED

• Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Venturini D, Barbosa DS, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of pre- or post-exercise whey protein supplementation on body fat and metabolic and inflammatory profile in pre-conditioned older women: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019 Mar;29(3):290-300. doi: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.11.007. Epub 2018 Nov 29.

  PMID: 30639252 DERIVED

• Nabuco HCG, Tomeleri CM, Sugihara Junior P, Fernandes RR, Cavalcante EF, Antunes M, Ribeiro AS, Teixeira DC, Silva AM, Sardinha LB, Cyrino ES. Effects of Whey Protein Supplementation Pre- or Post-Resistance Training on Muscle Mass, Muscular Strength, and Functional Capacity in Pre-Conditioned Older Women: A Randomized Clinical Trial. Nutrients. 2018 May 3;10(5):563. doi: 10.3390/nu10050563.

  PMID: 29751507 DERIVED

MeSH Terms

Interventions

Placebo Effect

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Effect Modifier, Epidemiologic; Epidemiologic Factors; Quality of Health Care; Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation; Public Health; Environment and Public Health

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: TRIPLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT, CARE PROVIDER, OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Purpose: TREATMENT
• Intervention Model: FACTORIAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: master degree

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: August 8, 2017
• First Posted: August 11, 2017
• Study Start: December 8, 2015
• Primary Completion: February 10, 2016
• Study Completion: September 30, 2016
• Last Updated: August 14, 2017

Record last verified: 2017-08