Augmented Reality and 3D Model-Based Ventrogluteal Injection Training in Nursing Students (AR3D-VGI)

NCT07583537 | Not Yet Recruiting DMC

• 1 other identifier: 2025/2658
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 158
• Locations: 0 countries
• Sites: N/A

Brief Summary

The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a skills training program-conducted using augmented reality (AR) and 3D model technologies-on first-year nursing students' knowledge, skills, anxiety, and satisfaction, as well as the retention of learning, regarding the correct identification of the injection site and the application of the correct technique for intramuscular (IM) injections in the deltoid (VG) region. The hypotheses of the study are as follows: H1: There is a difference in knowledge scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR group and the control group. H2: There is a difference in skill scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups. H3: There is a difference in state anxiety scores regarding the administration of intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups. H4: There is a difference in satisfaction scores regarding training methods for intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and the control group. H5: There is a difference in knowledge scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group. H6: There is a difference in skill scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group. H7: There is a difference in state anxiety scores regarding intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group. H8: There is a difference in satisfaction scores regarding training methods for intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model group and the control group. H9: There is a difference in retention scores regarding knowledge of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and control groups. H10: There is a difference in retention scores regarding knowledge of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model and control groups. H11: There is a difference in skill retention scores regarding the application of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the AR and the control group. H12: There is a difference in skill retention scores regarding the application of intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region between the 3D Model and the control group. After providing theoretical training to the entire group, the researcher will randomly assign participants and have them practice using the AR, a 3D hip model, and a traditional model. After four weeks, the researcher will assess retention.

Conditions

Ventrogluteal Injection; Intramuscular Injection; Nursing Education; Anxiety; Knowledge Acquisition; Student Satisfaction; Clinical Skills Training

Keywords

Nursing students; intramuscular injection; augmented reality; 3D printer; nursing education

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skill Checklist Score

  Assessment of students' performance in administering intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a standardized skill assessment checklist.Assessment will be conducted by marking "applied" (2 points), "partially applied" (1 point), or "not applied" (0 points) for each step the student performs. The total score obtainable from the Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skills Checklist ranges from 0 to 64.

  Immediately after the intervention and 4 weeks after the intervention

Secondary Outcomes (3)

• Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Knowledge Test Score

  Baseline (before theoretical training and randomization), immediately after the intervention, and 4 weeks after the intervention

• State Anxiety Scale score

  Immediately after the theoretical training session and immediately after the intervention session

• Satisfaction Survey Score for Teaching Methods

  Immediately after the intervention

Other Outcomes (2)

• Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Knowledge Test Score

  4 weeks after the intervention

• Ventrogluteal Region Intramuscular Injection Skill Checklist Score

  4 weeks after the intervention

Study Arms (3)

Augmented Reality Group

EXPERIMENTAL

The AR software was developed by a computer engineer using the Unity 3D program. The researcher provided the developer with images of the ventrogluteal region and demonstrated the steps for performing an intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region via video. The developed AR software was ported to the Meta Quest 3 headset, which supports both virtual reality and augmented reality. With the Meta Quest 3 headset, students will be able to view virtual images in a real-world environment and perform the procedure using their hands.

Device: Augmented Reality Group

3D Model Group

EXPERIMENTAL

A 3D scanner and a Creality K2 Plus 3D printer located at the Iron and Steel Institute of Karabük University were used. First, the hip model located in the Anatomy Laboratory of the Faculty of Medicine at Karabük University was scanned using the 3D scanner's Blue Laser mode. Subsequently, the 3D model of the scanned hip was processed using 3D software on a computer to define dimensions, create the injection site, and determine the print slices, thereby designing the final pre-print configuration. The model was printed in four parts using the Creality K2 Plus 3D Printer and assembled to create the final model. The left side of the 3D hip model was designed to display anatomical structures for regional training, while the right side was designed to accommodate an injection port for IM injections into the VG region.

Device: 3D Model Group

Control group

NO INTERVENTION

In accordance with traditional educational methods, students will perform an intramuscular injection into the ventrogluteal region using the model in the laboratory, following the step-by-step procedure.

Interventions

Augmented Reality Group DEVICE

Students in this group will perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a Meta Quest 3 headset via an augmented reality-based training application

Augmented Reality Group

3D Model Group DEVICE

Students in this group will perform intramuscular injections into the ventrogluteal region using a 3D hip model. The model will be used as visual and tactile learning tools during the training process.

3D Model Group

Eligibility Criteria

• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17), Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

• Be enrolled as a first-year student in the Department of Nursing at the Faculty of Health Sciences, Karabük University, during the spring semester of the 2025-2026 academic year.
• Have taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course for the first time.
• Have not previously received training in the skill of administering IM injections,
• Be able to speak and understand Turkish.
• Be willing to participate in the study.

You may not qualify if:

• Failing to complete the research data collection forms in full,
• Having previously taken the "Fundamentals of Nursing" course,
• Withdrawing from the study.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Karabuk University: lead

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Anxiety Disorders

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Mental Disorders

Study Officials

• Meltem KAYA, PhD Candidate

  Karabuk University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

• Birgul CERIT, Professor

  Abant Izzet Baysal University

  STUDY CHAIR

Central Study Contacts

Meltem KAYA, PhD Candidate

CONTACT

0507-200-26-32; meltemkaya@karabuk.edu.tr

Birgul CERIT, Professor

CONTACT

90-374 -253-45-20; birgulcerit@ibu.edu.tr

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Masking Details: Since the researcher will be the one performing the random assignment, they have been blinded. The students could not be blinded because they will be using the traditional method, AR, and 3D models. However, the statistician who will analyze the results will be blinded.
• Purpose: OTHER
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Lecturer

Model Details: It is a randomized controlled trial.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: May 4, 2026
• First Posted: May 13, 2026
• Study Start: May 15, 2026
• Primary Completion: May 15, 2026
• Study Completion (Estimated): June 11, 2026
• Last Updated: May 13, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-05

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share