NCT06868706

Brief Summary

Understanding the complex dynamics of motor skill acquisition in swimming is critical for developing effective training programs. Advances in technology, such as virtual and augmented reality, offer new opportunities to enhance learning and performance in this field. This study investigated the impact of virtual reality (VR)-supported video modeling (VM) swimming exercise programs compared with traditional approaches on the swimming performance of beginners. Fifty-five university students participated in the study. They were divided into two groups: the VR-supported VM group (VRVM) (n=28) and the traditional swimming group (TSG) (n=27). The VRVM group engaged in VR-supported VM practice in addition to traditional swimming training, whereas the TSG group only participated in traditional swimming training. The performance variables measured included swimming stroke (SS), crawling kick (CK), swimming duration (SD), heart rate (HR), and rate of perceived excretion (RPE).

Trial Health

87
On Track

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment
55

participants targeted

Target at P25-P50 for not_applicable

Timeline
Completed

Started Feb 2023

Shorter than P25 for not_applicable

Geographic Reach
1 country

1 active site

Status
completed

Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.

Trial Relationships

Click on a node to explore related trials.

Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

Study Start

First participant enrolled

February 27, 2023

Completed
3 months until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

June 2, 2023

Completed
5 months until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

October 17, 2023

Completed
1.4 years until next milestone

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

February 27, 2025

Completed
12 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

March 11, 2025

Completed
Last Updated

March 11, 2025

Status Verified

March 1, 2025

Enrollment Period

3 months

First QC Date

February 27, 2025

Last Update Submit

March 8, 2025

Conditions

Skills AcquisitionSports PerformanceSwimming

Keywords

Virtual realityVideo modelingSwimming performanceMotor skill acquisitionNovice swimmers

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

  • Swimming stroke

    Swimming stroke (SS) refers to the number of strokes performed per minute, which impacts a swimmer's propulsion through the water. It is a critical factor in determining speed and efficiency.

    Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

  • Swimming duration

    The swimming duration is the swimmer's time to cover a 25-meter distance. Swimmers using the proper freestyle technique are expected to cover a given distance in less time, with lower SD scores positively contributing to swimming performance.

    Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

  • Crawling kick

    The crawling kick plays an essential role in a swimmer's propulsion and overall speed and balance in the water. Novice swimmers may focus more on breathing and arm strokes, neglecting foot strokes (Lucero, 2015). Therefore, this study assumes that more foot strokes positively impact performance. The CK was calculated based on the number of foot strokes performed over a 25-meter distance.

    Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

Secondary Outcomes (1)

  • Heart rate

    Post-Intervention (After 11 Weeks)

Study Arms (2)

VR-Supported Video Modeling Group

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants receive traditional swimming training as well as VR-supported video modelling training.

Behavioral: VR-Supported Video ModelingBehavioral: Traditional Swimming Training

Traditional Swimming Group

ACTIVE COMPARATOR

Participants only receive traditional swimming training, but no VR or video modelling.

Behavioral: Traditional Swimming Training

Interventions

VR-Supported Video ModelingBEHAVIORAL

Participants receive virtual reality (VR) supported video modeling training in addition to traditional swimming training.

VR-Supported Video Modeling Group
Traditional Swimming TrainingBEHAVIORAL

Participants receive only traditional swimming training. Individuals in this group learn swimming techniques through traditional methods (practising in the water under the supervision of an instructor).

Traditional Swimming GroupVR-Supported Video Modeling Group

Eligibility Criteria

Sexall
Healthy VolunteersYes
Age GroupsChild (0-17), Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

  • Never having taken a swimming course before. Not having any health problems. Not having water phobia.

You may not qualify if:

  • To be able to progress by stroking on the water without any support from anywhere.

Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.

Sponsors & Collaborators

Study Sites (1)

Erzurum Technical University Faculty of Sport Sciences

Erzurum, Yakutiye, 25050, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (6)

  • Franklin ZC, Wright DJ, Holmes PS. Using Action-congruent Language Facilitates the Motor Response during Action Observation: A Combined Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation and Eye-tracking Study. J Cogn Neurosci. 2020 Apr;32(4):634-645. doi: 10.1162/jocn_a_01510. Epub 2019 Dec 10.

    PMID: 31820678BACKGROUND

  • Craig AB Jr, Pendergast DR. Relationships of stroke rate, distance per stroke, and velocity in competitive swimming. Med Sci Sports. 1979 Fall;11(3):278-83.

    PMID: 522640BACKGROUND

  • Clark SE, Ste-Marie DM. The impact of self-as-a-model interventions on children's self-regulation of learning and swimming performance. J Sports Sci. 2007 Mar;25(5):577-86. doi: 10.1080/02640410600947090.

    PMID: 17365543BACKGROUND

  • Calvo-Merino B, Glaser DE, Grezes J, Passingham RE, Haggard P. Action observation and acquired motor skills: an FMRI study with expert dancers. Cereb Cortex. 2005 Aug;15(8):1243-9. doi: 10.1093/cercor/bhi007. Epub 2004 Dec 22.

    PMID: 15616133BACKGROUND

  • Barbosa TM, Bragada JA, Reis VM, Marinho DA, Carvalho C, Silva AJ. Energetics and biomechanics as determining factors of swimming performance: updating the state of the art. J Sci Med Sport. 2010 Mar;13(2):262-9. doi: 10.1016/j.jsams.2009.01.003. Epub 2009 May 5.

    PMID: 19409842BACKGROUND

  • Araiza-Alba, P., Keane, T., Matthews, B., Simpson, K., Strugnell, G., Chen, W. S., & Kaufman, J. The potential of 360-degree virtual reality videos to teach water-safety skills to children, Computers & Education, 2021, 163.

    BACKGROUND

Study Design

Study Type
interventional
Phase
not applicable
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Masking
NONE
Purpose
OTHER
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Sponsor Type
OTHER
Responsible Party
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
PI Title
Associate Professor Doctor

Study Record Dates

First Submitted

February 27, 2025

First Posted

March 11, 2025

Study Start

February 27, 2023

Primary Completion

June 2, 2023

Study Completion

October 17, 2023

Last Updated

March 11, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-03

Data Sharing

IPD Sharing
Will not share

Locations

TU(1)