NCT05685810

Brief Summary

Black ethnicity is a major risk factor for chronic kidney disease \[CKD\] in people with HIV infection, suggesting that genetic factors are an important determinant of kidney disease progression in this population. The Gen-Africa study was established in 2018 to allow the study of genetic and clinical risk factors for CKD in people with HIV in the UK. Just over 3000 people across 15 sites were enrolled between May 2018 and January 2020. Demographic and clinical information was collected, and biological samples (buffy coats, plasma and urine) obtained. Cross-sectional analyses have revealed that participants of West-African ancestry are at higher risk of CKD and end-stage kidney disease \[ESKD\], and that genetic variants in the apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) gene and sickle cell trait (SCT) are predictors of CKD and ESKD. The pathogenesis of APOL1- and SCT-associated CKD is incompletely understood, and additional, longitudinal data will be collected to improve understanding of the contribution of demographic, traditional CKD (diabetes, hypertension, obesity/metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease) and HIV (immuno-virological and hepatitis B/C co-infection status, antiretroviral medications) risk factors as well as additional genetic and epigenetic markers.

Trial Health

75
On Track

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment
3,029

participants targeted

Target at P75+ for all trials

Timeline
45mo left

Started May 2018

Longer than P75 for all trials

Geographic Reach
1 country

1 active site

Status
active not recruiting

Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.

Trial Relationships

Click on a node to explore related trials.

Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

Study Progress68%
May 2018Jan 2030

Study Start

First participant enrolled

May 1, 2018

Completed
1.8 years until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

January 31, 2020

Completed
2.9 years until next milestone

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

January 3, 2023

Completed
14 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

January 17, 2023

Completed
7 years until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

January 31, 2030

Expected
Last Updated

September 3, 2025

Status Verified

February 1, 2025

Enrollment Period

1.8 years

First QC Date

January 3, 2023

Last Update Submit

August 26, 2025

Conditions

HIV NephropathyKidney InjuryKidney DiseasesDiabetes MellitusObesityCardiovascular DiseasesGenetic Predisposition to Disease

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

  • Kidney disease

    Incidence and predictors of end-stage kidney disease, chronic kidney disease, HIVAN, focal and segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF)-associated kidney injury.

    2018-2030

Secondary Outcomes (6)

  • Coronavirus disease (COVID-19)

    2020-2023

  • Multi-morbidity

    2019-2023

  • Weight change

    2013-2024

  • Obesity

    2013-2024

  • Dysglycaemia

    2019-2023

  • +1 more secondary outcomes

Eligibility Criteria

Age18 Years+
Sexall
Age GroupsAdult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
Sampling MethodNon-Probability Sample
Study Population

Black people with HIV infection who received care at one of 15 HIV clinics in the United Kingdom.

You may qualify if:

  • HIV positive
  • Black ethnicity (self-identified)
  • Informed consent

You may not qualify if:

  • None

Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.

Sponsors & Collaborators

Study Sites (1)

King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust

London, SE5 9RJ, United Kingdom

Location

Related Publications (19)

  • Ottaway Z, Campbell L, Fox J, Burns FM, Hamzah L, Schoeman S, Price D, Clarke A, Pett SL, Onyango D, Sabin C, Miller RF, Post FA; COVID-AFRICA study group. Post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 in people of Black ethnicities living with HIV in the United Kingdom. Int J STD AIDS. 2025 Jul;36(8):602-610. doi: 10.1177/09564624251334227. Epub 2025 Apr 14.

    PMID: 40227084BACKGROUND

  • Moon Z, Campbell L, Ottaway Z, Fox J, Burns F, Hamzah L, Ustianowski A, Clarke A, Schoeman S, Sally D, Tariq S, Post FA, Horne R. Mapping Vaccination Mindsets among UK Residents of Black Ethnicities with HIV: Lessons from COVID-19. AIDS Behav. 2025 May;29(5):1516-1524. doi: 10.1007/s10461-025-04622-0. Epub 2025 Mar 10.

    PMID: 40063203BACKGROUND

  • Ottaway Z, Onyango D, Kolodin V, Carter A, Horne R, Campbell L, Hamzah L, Post FA, Tariq S, Nicholls EJ. 'COVID impacted my life in so many ways': a qualitative study of the lived experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic among people of Black ethnicities living with HIV in England. Ethn Health. 2025 Feb;30(2):254-272. doi: 10.1080/13557858.2024.2429405. Epub 2024 Nov 26.

    PMID: 39593273BACKGROUND

  • Kolodin V, Barbini B, Onyango D, Musomba R, Liu J, Hung RKY, Nikiphorou E, Campbell L, Post FA, Tariq S, Lempp H. Social determinants of health and long-term conditions in people of Black African and Black Caribbean ethnicity living with HIV in London: A qualitative study. Health Expect. 2024 Jun;27(3):e14055. doi: 10.1111/hex.14055.

    PMID: 38666627BACKGROUND

  • Patel N, Post FA. Surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma in people of African ancestry with HIV and Hepatitis B. Int J STD AIDS. 2022 Feb;33(2):202-204. doi: 10.1177/09564624211042828. Epub 2021 Sep 21.

    PMID: 34546112BACKGROUND

  • Ko S, Dominguez-Dominguez L, Ottaway Z, Campbell L, Fox J, Burns F, Hamzah L, Ustianowski A, Clarke A, Kegg S, Schoeman S, Jones R, Pett SL, Hudson J, Post FA. Cardiovascular disease risk in people of African ancestry with HIV in the United Kingdom. HIV Med. 2024 Dec;25(12):1289-1297. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13706. Epub 2024 Aug 29.

    PMID: 39209512BACKGROUND

  • Ottaway Z, Campbell L, Fox J, Burns F, Hamzah L, Kegg S, Rosenvinge M, Schoeman S, Price D, Jones R, Miller RF, Tariq S, Post FA. HIV outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic in people of Black ethnicities living with HIV in England. HIV Med. 2024 Jul;25(7):885-892. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13640. Epub 2024 Mar 26.

    PMID: 38529684BACKGROUND

  • Ottaway Z, Campbell L, Cechin LR, Patel N, Fox J, Burns F, Hamzah L, Kegg S, Rosenvinge M, Schoeman S, Price D, Jones R, Clarke A, Maan I, Ustianowski A, Onyango D, Tariq S, Miller RF, Post FA; COVID-AFRICA study group. Clinical epidemiology of COVID-19 in people of black ethnicity living with HIV in the UK. HIV Med. 2024 May;25(5):614-621. doi: 10.1111/hiv.13611. Epub 2024 Jan 11.

    PMID: 38213094BACKGROUND

  • Dominguez-Dominguez L, Hamzah L, Fox J, Vincent RP, Post FA. Brief Report: Cystatin C Provides Substantially Higher Glomerular Filtration Rate Estimates Than Creatinine in a Subset of Black People With HIV on Current Antiretroviral Regimens. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2025 Feb 1;98(2):171-175. doi: 10.1097/QAI.0000000000003555.

    PMID: 39791983BACKGROUND

  • Cechin L, Dominguez-Dominguez L, Campbell L, Hamzah L, Fox J, Vincent RP, Dimitriadis GK, Goff L, Post FA. Waist circumference and cardiometabolic parameters in people of African/Caribbean ancestry with HIV in South London (CKD-AFRICA study). Int J STD AIDS. 2024 Jun;35(7):521-526. doi: 10.1177/09564624241233036. Epub 2024 Feb 20.

    PMID: 38377277BACKGROUND

  • Dominguez-Dominguez L, Campbell L, Barbini B, Fox J, Nikiphorou E, Goff L, Lempp H, Tariq S, Hamzah L, Post FA. Associations between social determinants of health and comorbidity and multimorbidity in people of black ethnicities with HIV. AIDS. 2024 May 1;38(6):835-846. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003848. Epub 2024 Feb 1.

    PMID: 38265411BACKGROUND

  • Hung RKY, Costeira R, Chen J, Schlosser P, Grundner-Culemann F, Booth JW, Sharpe CC, Bramham K, Sun YV, Marconi VC, Teumer A, Winkler CA, Post FA, Bell JT. Epigenetic associations with kidney disease in individuals of African ancestry with APOL1 high-risk genotypes and HIV. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2025 Apr 28;40(5):997-1006. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfae237.

    PMID: 39448372BACKGROUND

  • Hung RKY, Santana-Suarez B, Binns-Roemer E, Campbell L, Bramham K, Hamzah L, Fox J, Burns JE, Clarke A, Vincent R, Jones R, Price DA, Onyango D, Harber M, Hilton R, Booth JW, Sabin CA, Winkler CA, Post FA; GEN-AFRICA study group. The epidemiology of kidney disease in people of African ancestry with HIV in the UK. EClinicalMedicine. 2021 Jul 8;38:101006. doi: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101006. eCollection 2021 Aug.

    PMID: 34286237BACKGROUND

  • Hung RKY, Binns-Roemer E, Booth JW, Hilton R, Harber M, Santana-Suarez B, Campbell L, Fox J, Ustianowski A, Cosgrove C, Burns JE, Clarke A, Price DA, Chadwick D, Onyango D, Hamzah L, Bramham K, Sabin CA, Winkler CA, Post FA; GEN-AFRICA Study Group. Genetic Variants of APOL1 Are Major Determinants of Kidney Failure in People of African Ancestry With HIV. Kidney Int Rep. 2022 Jan 25;7(4):786-796. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.01.1054. eCollection 2022 Apr.

    PMID: 35497797BACKGROUND

  • Hung RKY, Binns-Roemer E, Booth JW, Hilton R, Fox J, Burns F, Harber M, Ustianowski A, Hamzah L, Burns JE, Clarke A, Price DA, Kegg S, Onyango D, Santana-Suarez B, Campbell L, Bramham K, Sharpe CC, Sabin CA, Winkler CA, Post FA; GEN-AFRICA Study Group. Sickle Cell Trait and Kidney Disease in People of African Ancestry With HIV. Kidney Int Rep. 2021 Dec 13;7(3):465-473. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2021.12.007. eCollection 2022 Mar.

    PMID: 35257059BACKGROUND

  • Hung RKY, Rosenberg KL, David V, Binns-Roemer E, Booth JW, Hilton R, Fox J, Burns F, Ustianowski A, Cosgrove C, Hamzah L, Burns JE, Clarke A, Chadwick D, Price DA, Kegg S, Campbell L, Bramham K, Sabin CA, Post FA, Winkler CA; GEN-AFRICA Study Group. GSTM1 Copy Number and Kidney Disease in People With HIV. Kidney Int Rep. 2022 May 13;7(8):1901-1904. doi: 10.1016/j.ekir.2022.05.003. eCollection 2022 Aug. No abstract available.

    PMID: 35967115BACKGROUND

  • Hung R, Patel N, Fox J, Cosgrove C, Pett SL, Burns F, Ustianowski A, Rosenvinge M, Bhagani S, Dusheiko G, Childs K, Post FA; GEN-AFRICA study group. Prevalence of HIV/hepatitis B and HIV/hepatitis C coinfection among people of East, South, Central and West African ancestry in the United Kingdom. AIDS. 2021 Aug 1;35(10):1701-1704. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000002929.

    PMID: 33927087BACKGROUND

  • Mazaheri T, Buchanan D, Hung R, Campbell L, Hamzah L, Bramham K, Vincent RP, Post FA. Creatinine and cystatin C-based estimated glomerular filtration rate estimates of kidney function in Black people with HIV on antiretroviral therapy. AIDS. 2023 Apr 1;37(5):753-758. doi: 10.1097/QAD.0000000000003466. Epub 2022 Dec 23.

    PMID: 36728909BACKGROUND

  • Cechin L, Campbell L, Oliveira A, Goff LM, Post FA. HbA1c screening for diabetes mellitus and to evaluate diabetic control in people of African ancestry with HIV in South London. Int J STD AIDS. 2023 Jun;34(7):484-487. doi: 10.1177/09564624231162163. Epub 2023 Mar 15.

    PMID: 36921326BACKGROUND

Biospecimen

Retention: SAMPLES WITH DNA

DNA (from PBMC), urine, serum, plasma

MeSH Terms

Conditions

AIDS-Associated NephropathyKidney DiseasesDiabetes MellitusObesityCardiovascular DiseasesGenetic Predisposition to Disease

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

HIV InfectionsBlood-Borne InfectionsCommunicable DiseasesInfectionsSexually Transmitted Diseases, ViralSexually Transmitted DiseasesLentivirus InfectionsRetroviridae InfectionsRNA Virus InfectionsVirus DiseasesUrologic DiseasesFemale Urogenital DiseasesFemale Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy ComplicationsUrogenital DiseasesGenital DiseasesMale Urogenital DiseasesImmunologic Deficiency SyndromesImmune System DiseasesGlucose Metabolism DisordersMetabolic DiseasesNutritional and Metabolic DiseasesEndocrine System DiseasesOverweightOvernutritionNutrition DisordersBody WeightSigns and SymptomsPathological Conditions, Signs and SymptomsDisease SusceptibilityDisease AttributesPathologic Processes

Study Officials

  • Frank A Post

    King's College Hospital NHS Trust

    PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

Study Type
observational
Observational Model
COHORT
Time Perspective
OTHER
Target Duration
10 Years
Sponsor Type
OTHER
Responsible Party
SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

First Submitted

January 3, 2023

First Posted

January 17, 2023

Study Start

May 1, 2018

Primary Completion

January 31, 2020

Study Completion (Estimated)

January 31, 2030

Last Updated

September 3, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-02

Data Sharing

IPD Sharing
Will not share

The database contains personal and sensitive information and is therefore not publicly available. Access to the study data and/or samples is governed by the National Health Service data access policy and those of King's College Hospital National Health System (NHS) Foundation Trust, the study sponsor. The Gen-AFRICA cohort is open to collaborations, and all requests from researchers who meet the criteria for access to fully anonymized patient level data will be considered.

Locations

GB(1)