The Impact of Food Reformulation on Energy Intake
1 other identifier
interventional
32
1 country
1
Brief Summary
Food prepared outside of the home tends to have a high energy content, and high levels of nutrients of concern (sodium, fat, saturated fat and sugar), especially when compared to home-cooked food. A number of studies suggest that when energy density of a food is manipulated it has a linear effect on energy intake, because consumers tend to eat a constant weight of food. However, recent observational research suggested that up to approximately 1.5-2kcal/g, individuals are relatively insensitive to changes in energy density, and there is no indication of compensation through altering meal size. However, upwards of approximately 1.5-2kcal/g, the authors proposed that individuals compensate for increases in energy density by selecting and consuming smaller meal sizes. The investigators aim to measure participant's consumption (in grams and kilocalories) of three meals at low, medium and high energy densities, and to measure later food intake to observe any evidence of later compensation in response to experimental condition
Trial Health
Trial Health Score
Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach
participants targeted
Target at P25-P50 for not_applicable
Started Feb 2023
Shorter than P25 for not_applicable
1 active site
Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.
Trial Relationships
Click on a node to explore related trials.
Study Timeline
Key milestones and dates
First Submitted
Initial submission to the registry
February 10, 2023
CompletedStudy Start
First participant enrolled
February 13, 2023
CompletedFirst Posted
Study publicly available on registry
February 24, 2023
CompletedPrimary Completion
Last participant's last visit for primary outcome
June 1, 2023
CompletedStudy Completion
Last participant's last visit for all outcomes
June 1, 2023
CompletedJune 5, 2024
June 1, 2024
4 months
February 10, 2023
June 4, 2024
Conditions
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcomes (1)
Acute intake
The investigators will observe differences in consumption (g/kcal) when participants are given a meal covertly manipulated to be low, medium or high in energy density.
30 minutes after intervention administered
Secondary Outcomes (1)
Later intake
Up to 7 hours after intervention administered
Study Arms (3)
Low energy density
EXPERIMENTALThe meal served at lunch time to participants will have a low energy density of \~1.1kcal/g. All other foods are identical across conditions (e.g. snacks, dinner, dessert)
Medium energy density
EXPERIMENTALThe meal served at lunch time to participants will have a low energy density of \~1.7kcal/g. All other foods are identical across conditions (e.g. snacks, dinner, dessert)
High energy density
EXPERIMENTALThe meal served at lunch time to participants will have a low energy density of \~3kcal/g. All other foods are identical across conditions (e.g. snacks, dinner, dessert)
Interventions
Particpants will be provided with a lunch low in energy density (\~1.1kcal/g)
Participants will be provided with a lunch medium in energy density(\~1.7kcal/g)
Participants will be provided with a lunch high in energy density (\~3kcal/g)
Eligibility Criteria
You may qualify if:
- Currently reside in the United Kingdom
- Over the age of 18 years
- Fluent English speaker
- Like the test foods
- Have a BMI between the ranges of 18.5 and 35.
You may not qualify if:
- Pregnant/breastfeeding
- Partaking in a fast or other restrictive eating for religious reasons at time of participation
- Currently following a diet
- On medication that affects appetite
- Being a smoker
- Current or historic eating disorder
- Dietary restrictions/intolerances including:
- Any allergies
- Vegan/vegetarian
- Gluten-free
- Dairy-free
- Sugar-free
Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.
Sponsors & Collaborators
Study Sites (1)
University of Liverpool
Liverpool, Merseyside, L69 7ZA, United Kingdom
Related Publications (1)
Finlay AH, Boyland EJ, Jones A, Langfield T, Bending E, Malhi MS, Robinson E. Passive overconsumption? Limited evidence of compensation in meal size when consuming foods high in energy density: Two randomised crossover experiments. Appetite. 2024 Sep 1;200:107533. doi: 10.1016/j.appet.2024.107533. Epub 2024 Jun 1.
PMID: 38825014DERIVED
MeSH Terms
Conditions
Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)
Study Officials
- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Eric Robinson, PhD
University of Liverpool
Study Design
- Study Type
- interventional
- Phase
- not applicable
- Allocation
- RANDOMIZED
- Masking
- SINGLE
- Who Masked
- PARTICIPANT
- Purpose
- PREVENTION
- Intervention Model
- CROSSOVER
- Sponsor Type
- OTHER
- Responsible Party
- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
- PI Title
- Prof.
Study Record Dates
First Submitted
February 10, 2023
First Posted
February 24, 2023
Study Start
February 13, 2023
Primary Completion
June 1, 2023
Study Completion
June 1, 2023
Last Updated
June 5, 2024
Record last verified: 2024-06
Data Sharing
- IPD Sharing
- Will share
- Shared Documents
- STUDY PROTOCOL, SAP
- Time Frame
- On publication, indefinitely
- Access Criteria
- Open website
Study data (anonymised) will be shared on the Open Science Framework (OSF)