The Effectiveness and Underlying Mechanisms of Parent Management Training and Mindful Parenting Program

NCT04930081 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: EA210088
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 156
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 2

Brief Summary

Project Objective: Parent management training (PMT), which focuses on teaching parents about effective discipline technique using a behavioral approach, has strong evidence base for promoting parent-child relationship, and reducing parental stress and children behavioural problem. Many PMTs, such as the Incredible Years and Triple P program, have been rated as well-established interventions for behavior problems in children. In recent years, the application of mindfulness in the parenting context is emerging. Parental mindfulness was found to have positive effects on parent-child relationship quality and parenting stress. In particular, preliminary evidence of the eight-week mindfulness based intervention for parents, the Mindful Parenting (MP) program was found to reduce parental stress, and to decrease externalizing and internalizing problems in children. The two lines of parenting intervention have different theoretical background but they yield similar positive effect in parents and children. The current study has the following objectives:

1. 1.To explore the similarities and differences of PMT and MP in terms treatment outcome. Outcome measures include parenting knowledge, parent's mindful awareness, parents' emotional competence, positive and negative parenting practice, parental stress,parent-child relationship, and parents' mental health, including parental stress, parents' sense of competence, as well as child behavioural problem
2. 2.To explore the underlying mechanisms for the effectiveness of PMT and MP, including their similarities and differences, and
3. 3.To examine for whom are PMT and MP more effective.

Conditions

Parent Management Training; Mindfulness; Mindful Parenting Training

Keywords

Parent management training; Mindfulness; Parenting; Mindful parenting training; Parenting intervention; Parental support

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (14)

• Parental Stress

  Parental Stress Scale (PSS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher levels of parental stress)\]

  Pre-intervention

• Parental Stress

  Parental Stress Scale (PSS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher levels of parental stress)\]

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

• Parenting Sense of Competence

  Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher parenting sense of competency)\]

  Pre-intervention

• Parenting Sense of Competence

  Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher parenting sense of competency)\]

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

• Parenting Sense of Competence

  Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 6 (with higher scores indicating higher parenting sense of competency)\]

  Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)

• Parenting Behaviours

  Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 5 (with higher score indicating higher frequency of the parenting behaviours in the particular subscale)\]

  Pre-intervention

• Parenting Behaviours

  Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 5 (with higher score indicating higher frequency of the parenting behaviours in the particular subscale)\]

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

• Parenting Behaviours

  Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS) \[Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 5 (with higher score indicating higher frequency of the parenting behaviours in the particular subscale)\]

  Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)

• Parent-Child Relationship

  Parent-Child Relationship Factor in the Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) \[Min. Value: 0; Max Value: 3 (with higher score indicating better parent child relationship)\]

  Pre-intervention

• Parent-Child Relationship

  Parent-Child Relationship Factor in the Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) \[Min. Value: 0; Max Value: 3 (with higher score indicating better parent child relationship)\]

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

• Parent-Child Relationship

  Parent-Child Relationship Factor in the Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS) \[Min. Value: 0; Max Value: 3 (with higher score indicating better parent child relationship)\]

  Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)

• Child Behaviours

  Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) \[Intensity Score: Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 7; Problem score: Min Value: 0; Max Value: 1 (with higher score indicating more child behavioral problem)\]

  Pre-intervention

• Child Behaviours

  Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) \[Intensity Score: Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 7; Problem score: Min Value: 0; Max Value: 1 (with higher score indicating more child behavioral problem)\]

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

• Child Behaviours

  Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) \[Intensity Score: Min. Value: 1; Max Value: 7; Problem score: Min Value: 0; Max Value: 1 (with higher score indicating more child behavioral problem)\]

  Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)

Secondary Outcomes (9)

• Parenting Knowledge

  Pre-intervention

• Parenting Knowledge

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

• Parenting Knowledge

  Delayed post-intervention (2 months follow-up)

• Parent's Emotional Competence

  Pre-intervention

• Parent's Emotional Competence

  Post-intervention (Immediate)

Study Arms (3)

Parent Management Training

EXPERIMENTAL

The well-researched Postivie Parenting Program (Triple P) is selected as the intervention program for the parent management training arm. It is an 8-week program that aims at equipping parents with effective parenting strategies.

Behavioral: Positive Parenting Program, Mindful Parenting

Mindful Parenting Program

EXPERIMENTAL

The Mindful Parenting program, developed by Prof Susan Bogel is selected as the intervention program for the mindful parenting arm. It is an 8-week program that trains parents in mindfulness and support them to apply mindfulness in the parenting context.

Behavioral: Positive Parenting Program, Mindful Parenting

Waitlist Control Group

NO INTERVENTION

The waitlist control group will not receive any service until two months after the intervention arms complete their training. Depending of the availability of the program instructor, either the Parent Management Training or the Mindful Parenting program will be offered to this group.

Interventions

Positive Parenting Program, Mindful Parenting BEHAVIORAL

The Positive Parenting Program (Triple P) consists of 5 weekly group sessions (each lasting for 2 hours) plus three weekly individual telephone interview sessions (each lasting for around 20 minutes). Program materials is available in Chinese. The Mindful Parenting program consists of 8 weekly group sessions, each lasting for 2 hours. Programme materials have already been translated into Chinese by local partners of the programme developer.

Mindful Parenting Program; Parent Management Training

Eligibility Criteria

• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17), Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

• having children aged 6 to 12 years.

You may not qualify if:

• parents having a history of major mental illnesses and
• parents who have received 8 week parent management trainings or mindfulness courses.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• The University of Hong Kong: lead

Study Sites (2)

H.K.T.A. Shun Yeung Primary School

Hong Kong, 852, Hong Kong

Location

SKH Kei Fook Primary School

Hong Kong, 852, Hong Kong

Location

Related Publications (1)

• Beer, M., Ward, L., & Moar, K. (2013). The Relationship Between Mindful Parenting and Distress in Parents of Children with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Mindfulness, 4(2), 102-112. Benn, R., Akiva, T., Arel, S., & Roeser, R. (2012). Mindfulness Training Effects for Parents and Educators of Children With Special Needs. Developmental Psychology, 48(5), 1476-1487. Bogels, S. (2013). MYmind mindfulness for children and adolescents with ADHD: therapist's manual. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam. Bögels, S., Hellemans, J., Deursen, S., Römer, M., & Meulen, R. (2014). Mindful Parenting in Mental Health Care: Effects on Parental and Child Psychopathology, Parental Stress, Parenting, Coparenting, and Marital Functioning. Mindfulness, 5(5), 536-551. Bögels, S., & Restifo, K. (2014). Mindful parenting : A guide for mental health practitioners (Mindfulness in behavioral health). New York: Springer. Cheung, S. (2000). Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the parental stress scale. Psychologia: An International Journal of Psychology in the Orient, 43, 253-253. Chorpita, B., Daleiden, E., Ebesutani, C., Young, J., Becker, K., Nakamura, B., . . . Starace, N. (2011). Evidence-Based Treatments for Children and Adolescents: An Updated Review of Indicators of Efficacy and Effectiveness. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 18(2), 154-172. De Bruin, E. I., Zijlstra, B. J., Geurtzen, N., van Zundert, R. M., van de Weijer-Bergsma, E., Hartman, E. E., Nieuwesteeg, A. M., Duncan, L. G., & Bögels, S. M. (2014). Mindful parenting assessed further: Psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (IM-P). Mindfulness, 5, 200-212. Duncan, L. G. (2007). Assessment of mindful parenting among families of early adolescents: development and validation of the Interpersonal Mindfulness in Parenting Scale (unpublished dissertation). Pennsylvania State University, University Park. Eyberg, S. M., & Ross, A. W. (1978). Assessment of child behavior problems: The validation of a new inventory. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 7(2), 113-116. Gibaud-Wallston, J., & Wandersman, L. P. (1978). Development and utility of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2003). Mindfulness-based interventions in context: Past, present, and future. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 10(2), 144-156. Kaufman, E. A., Xia, M., Fosco, G., Yaptangco, M., Skidmore, C. R., & Crowell, S. E. (2016). The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF): Validation and Replication in Adolescent and Adult Samples. Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 38(3), 443-455. Kirkman, J. J. L., Dadds, M. R., & Hawes, D. J. (2018). Development and Validation of the Knowledge of Parenting Strategies Scale: Measuring Effective Parenting Strategies. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 27(10), 3200-3217. Leung, C. M., Chan, S. C. M., Pang, R. C. Y., & Cheng, W. K. C. (2003). Validation of the Chinese version of the Eyberg child behaviour inventory for use in Hong Kong. Education and Manpower Bureau. Leung, C., & Tsang, S. K. M. (2010). The Chinese Parental Stress Scale: Psychometric Evidence Using Rasch Modeling on Clinical and Nonclinical Samples. Journal of Personality Assessment, 92(1), 26-34. Ngai, Fei-Wan, Chan, Wai-Chi Sally, & Holroyd, Eleanor. (2007). Translation and Validation of a Chinese Version of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale in Chinese Mothers. Nursing Research (New York), 56(5), 348-354. Parent, J., & Forehand, R. (2017). The Multidimensional Assessment of Parenting Scale (MAPS): Development and Psychometric Properties. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 26(8), 2136-2151. Rochelle, Tina L, & Cheng, H T. (2016). Parenting Practices and Child Behaviour Problems in Hong Kong: Knowledge of Effective Parenting Strategies, Parenting Stress, and Child-Rearing Ideologies. Child Indicators Research, 9(1), 155-171. Sanders, M. R., Morawska, A., Haslam, D., Filus, A., & Fletcher, R. (2014). Parenting and Family Adjustment Scales (PAFAS): Validation of a brief parent-report measure for use in assessment of parenting skills and family relationships. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 45, 255-272. Segal, Z. V., Williams, J. M. G., & Teasdale, J. D. (2002). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for depression: A new approach to preventing relapse. New York: Guilford. Siegel, D. J., & Hartzell, M. (2004). Parenting from the inside out: How a deeper self understanding can help you raise children who thrive. New York: Penguin. Singh, N. N., Lancioni, G. E., Winton, A. S. W., Singh, J., Curtis, W. J., Wahler, R. G., & Mcaleavey, K. M. (2007). Mindful Parenting Decreases Aggression and Increases Social Behavior in Children With Developmental Disabilities. Behavior Modification, 31(6), 749-771.

  BACKGROUND

Study Officials

• Hong Wang Denis Kwan, Master

  The University of Hong Kong

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: DOUBLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT, OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Masking Details: Participants do not have knowledge of the interventions assigned to individual participants. The research assistant who supports in data collection do not know the interventions assigned to individual participants.
• Purpose: PREVENTION
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Model Details: A randomized-controlled design will be adopted. There will be two intervention groups, i.e. PMT and the MP programme, and one waitlist-control group.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: June 10, 2021
• First Posted: June 18, 2021
• Study Start: September 1, 2021
• Primary Completion: August 31, 2023
• Study Completion: October 31, 2023
• Last Updated: November 29, 2023

Record last verified: 2023-09

Locations

HK (2)