Iron Supplementation and Eccentric Exercise

NCT02374619 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: UTH2010
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 28
• Locations: 0 countries
• Sites: N/A

Brief Summary

Iron supplementation is very common in athletes, probably due to its catalytic role on the oxygen transport and optimal function of oxidative enzymes and proteins during exercise. Iron is also characterized as a potent pro-oxidant, as it can lead to increased production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) that are involved in critical biological processes, such as gene expression, signal transduction and enzyme activity. In exercise, low levels of RONS are essential for optimal force production, whereas excessive production of RONS can cause contractile dysfunction, resulting in muscle weakness and fatigue. On the other hand, RONS are involved in signaling pathways and up-regulation of the expression of several genes, and therefore, RONS can provoke favorable effects such as training adaptations. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of iron supplementation on redox status, muscle damage and muscle performance after an acute bout of a valid muscle damaging eccentric exercise model in adults and children.

Conditions

Muscle Damage; Oxidative Stress

Keywords

eccentric exercise; pro-oxidants; free radicals; adults; children

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (6)

• Changes in Maximum isometric torque (N.m)

  An isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex, Ronkonkoma, NY) will be used for the estimation of changes in isometric knee extensor's peak torque at 90o knee flexion between baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation (pre-eccentric exercise), and also between pre-eccentric exercise and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. The average of the three best maximal voluntary contractions with the subjects' one lower extremity will be recorded. To ensure that the subjects provide their maximal effort, the measurements will be repeated if the difference between the lower and the higher torque value exceed 10%. There will be two minutes rest between isometric efforts.

  Before the beginning of iron supplementation (baseline) at the end of the first supplementation period (3 weeks: pre-eccentric exercise), immediately after the eccentric exercise, and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Maximum concentric torque (N.m)

  An isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex, Ronkonkoma, NY) will be used for the estimation of changes in isokinetic knee extensor's peak torque at 60o/sec angular velocity between baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation (pre-eccentric exercise), and also between pre-eccentric exercise and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. The higher absolute value of five maximal voluntary contractions with the subjects' one lower extremity will be recorded.

  Before the beginning of iron supplementation (baseline) at the end of the first supplementation period (3 weeks: pre-eccentric exercise), immediately after the eccentric exercise, and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Maximum eccentric torque (N.m)

  An isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex, Ronkonkoma, NY) will be used for the estimation of changes in isokinetic knee extensor's peak torque at 60o/sec angular velocity between baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation (pre-eccentric exercise), and also between pre-eccentric exercise and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. The higher absolute value of five maximal voluntary contractions with the subjects' one lower extremity will be recorded.

  Before the beginning of iron supplementation (baseline) at the end of the first supplementation period (3 weeks: pre-eccentric exercise), immediately after the eccentric exercise, and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Range of motion, ROM (degrees)

  The assessment of changes in pain-free ROM between baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation (pre-eccentric exercise), and also between pre-eccentric exercise and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise, will be performed manually using the isokinetic dynamometer. The investigator will move the calf at a very low angular velocity from 0 knee extension to the position where the subject will feel any discomfort.

  Before the beginning of iron supplementation (baseline) at the end of the first supplementation period (3 weeks: pre-eccentric exercise), immediately after the eccentric exercise, and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Delayed onset muscle soreness, DOMS (scale 1-10)

  Each participant will assess changes in delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS) during walking and squat movement (90o knee flexion) and perceived soreness between baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation (pre-eccentric exercise), and also between pre-eccentric exercise and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. DOMS and perceived soreness will be rated on a scale ranging from 1 (normal) to 10 (very sore).

  Before the beginning of iron supplementation (baseline) at the end of the first supplementation period (3 weeks: pre-eccentric exercise), immediately after the eccentric exercise, and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Creatine kinase, CK (activity IU)

  CK activity will be measured as a general indicator of muscle damage. Changes in CK activity between baseline and after 3 weeks of supplementation (pre-eccentric exercise), and also between pre-eccentric exercise and 24 hours, 48 hours, 72 hours, 96 hours after the eccentric exercise will be estimated in a Clinical Chemistry Analyzer Z1145 (Zafiropoulos Diagnostica, Athens, Greece) with commercially available kits (Zafiropoulos, Athens, Greece).

  Before the beginning of iron supplementation (baseline), at the end of the first supplementation period (3 weeks: pre exercise), and 72h after the eccentric exercise

Secondary Outcomes (12)

• Changes in Reduced glutathione, GSH (μmol/g Hb)

  Adults: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise, 24,48,72 & 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. Children: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise and 72 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Oxidized glutathione, GSSG (μmol/g Hb)

  Adults: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise, 24,48,72 & 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. Children: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise and 72 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, TBARS (μM)

  Adults: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise, 24,48,72 & 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. Children: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise and 72 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Protein carbonyls, PC (nmol/mg pr)

  Adults: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise, 24,48,72 & 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. Children: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise and 72 hours after the eccentric exercise

• Changes in Catalase (μmol/min/mg Hb)

  Adults: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise, 24,48,72 & 96 hours after the eccentric exercise. Children: at baseline, pre-eccentric exercise and 72 hours after the eccentric exercise

Study Arms (2)

Iron supplement

EXPERIMENTAL

Oral supplementation

Dietary Supplement: Iron supplement Resoferon Ferrous Sulfate

Control

PLACEBO COMPARATOR

Oral supplementation

Dietary Supplement: Placebo

Interventions

Iron supplement Resoferon Ferrous Sulfate DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Oral supplementation with one tablet of iron supplement \[Resoferon Ferrous Sulfate 125 (37) mg\]

Iron supplement

Placebo DIETARY_SUPPLEMENT

Control

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 10 Years - 45 Years
• Sex: male
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17), Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Physiological body mass index (BMI).
• Physiological health profile.
• Subject provides written informed consent.

You may not qualify if:

• Professional athlete.
• Consumed any nutritional supplement the last 3 months.
• Performed pure eccentric exercise the last 6 months.
• Non Caucasian.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University of Thessaly: lead

Related Publications (3)

• Theodorou AA, Nikolaidis MG, Paschalis V, Koutsias S, Panayiotou G, Fatouros IG, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. No effect of antioxidant supplementation on muscle performance and blood redox status adaptations to eccentric training. Am J Clin Nutr. 2011 Jun;93(6):1373-83. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.110.009266. Epub 2011 Apr 20.

  PMID: 21508092 BACKGROUND

• Gomez-Cabrera MC, Martinez A, Santangelo G, Pallardo FV, Sastre J, Vina J. Oxidative stress in marathon runners: interest of antioxidant supplementation. Br J Nutr. 2006 Aug;96 Suppl 1:S31-3. doi: 10.1079/bjn20061696.

  PMID: 16923247 BACKGROUND

• Deli CK, Fatouros IG, Paschalis V, Tsiokanos A, Georgakouli K, Zalavras A, Avloniti A, Koutedakis Y, Jamurtas AZ. Iron Supplementation Effects on Redox Status following Aseptic Skeletal Muscle Trauma in Adults and Children. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 2017;2017:4120421. doi: 10.1155/2017/4120421. Epub 2017 Jan 22.

  PMID: 28203319 DERIVED

Study Officials

• Athanasios Z Jamurtas, Dr

  University of Thessaly

  STUDY CHAIR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: DOUBLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT, INVESTIGATOR
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Associate Professor

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: February 16, 2015
• First Posted: March 2, 2015
• Study Start: December 1, 2011
• Primary Completion: October 1, 2013
• Study Completion: December 1, 2013
• Last Updated: April 14, 2015

Record last verified: 2015-04