Evaluation of the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training.

NCT02141048 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: 1952 Lester
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 140
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training (PPST), a parenting programme being delivered in South Africa, is effective in improving parenting, and child behaviour related outcomes.

Conditions

Parenting Behaviour; Child Behaviour Problems

Keywords

Parenting programme; Randomised controlled trial; South Africa; Positive parenting; Child behaviour problems; Implementation fidelity; Low- and middle-income country

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (5)

• Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Scale (PS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  The PS is a self-report measure that can be used to assess dysfunctional discipline practices of parents of young children. It has been validated on a sample of parents who had children between the ages of 5-12 years. The scale is comprised of three factors: verbosity, overreactivity and laxness. It consists of 30 items which can be answered on a 7-point scale. Scale anchors vary per question but are essentially parenting mistakes paired with more effective parenting behaviours (e.g., "I often hold a grudge" vs. "things get back to normal quickly").

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

• Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parent Behaviour Inventory (PBI), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  The PBI is a self-report measure that is suggested to reflect two dimensions of parenting behaviour: (1) hostile/coercive "behaviour which expresses negative affect or indifference toward the child" and could include using physical punishment, threat or coercion to influence child behaviour; and (2) supportive/engaged parenting which reflects parental acceptance of a child through signs of affection, instrumental and emotional support and shared activities. It is suitable for use with parents of children who are young school-age. The PBI consists of 20 items which can be answered on a 5-point Likert-type scale. Scale anchors range from "not at all true" to "very true".

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

• Change in levels of poor and positive parenting on the Parenting Young Children Scale (PARYC) - Setting Limits subscale, from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  The PARYC is a self-report measure which assesses the frequency of engagement with particular parenting behaviours towards children, on a 7-point Likert scale from "not at all" to "most of the time". It also determines whether performing this behaviour is seen as a problem for the parent with response options including either "yes" or "no". This evaluation will only utilise the Settling Limits subscale which consists of 7 items. The convergent validity of the scale is supported.

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

• Change in levels of child problem behaviour on the Eyberg Child Behaviour Inventory (ECBI), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  The ECBI can be used to assess behaviour problems in children from 2 to 16 years old. It is comprised of 36 items. Each item is assessed on two dimensions; how often it occurs (i.e., frequency) and identification of the behaviour as a problem for the parent. Frequency ratings are answered on a 7-point Likert-type scale ranging from "never occurs" to "always occurs". By summing these answers together one is provided with an overall problem behaviour Intensity Score. Parents when identifying whether a behaviour is a problem for them answer either "yes" or "no" when asked about the particular behaviour. These answers can also be summed to create a total Problem Score. There is ample evidence for the ECBI to be a psychometrically sound measure, demonstrating its validity and reliability in measuring child problem behaviours.

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

• Change in levels of child problem behaviour on the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL) - Externalising Problem subscale, from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  Only the Externalising Problem subscale of the CBCL/6-18 school age version will be used in this study. This subscale is made up of 35 items which assess aggressive and rule breaking behaviour. The subscale assesses such behaviours on a three-point Likert-type scale with options ranging from 0 "not true", to 2 "very true". There is strong support for this scale's psychometric properties.

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

Secondary Outcomes (3)

• Change in levels of a parent's sense of competence on the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale (PSOC), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

• Change in levels of conflict and closeness in the parent-child relationship on the Child Parent Relationship Scale (CPRS), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

• Change in levels of child self-esteem on the Child Health Questionnaire - Self-esteem subscale (CHQ-ES), from baseline to post-assessment, to the one-year follow-up.

  Baseline (prior to programme initiation), post-assessment (shortly after programme conclusion), one-year follow-up (one year after programme conclusion).

Study Arms (2)

Positive Parenting Skills Training

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants assigned to the intervention group will receive the Positive Parenting Skills Training.

Behavioral: Positive Parenting Skills Training

Wait-list control

NO INTERVENTION

Participants assigned to the wait-list control group will receive no intervention for the duration of this trial. Only after the one-year follow-up assessment has been completed will they receive the Positive Parenting Skills Training.

Interventions

Positive Parenting Skills Training BEHAVIORAL

This parenting programme is delivered by facilitators from the Parent Centre. It is intended for any caregivers of children between the ages of 6-12 years. It consists of seven weekly 3-hour sessions, and is group-based. Once the group size reaches 20 or more people sessions are co-facilitated. The first session provides an overview of the programme. The remaining sessions consider topics including: factors that affect child behaviour, understanding children's feelings, building children's self-esteem, assertive parenting, gaining child-co-operation, effective discipline, and problem solving. The programme is knowledge-based and encourages the development of various parenting skills through the inclusion of experiential activities (e.g., role-plays and homework practice).

Positive Parenting Skills Training

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years+
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

• Primary caregivers (the person most responsible for the well-being of a child)
• Has a child between the ages of 5-12 years
• Looks after this child for a minimum of four nights a week
• Indicated interest in the programme and expressed willingness to enrol in the study
• Another adult in the household (if available)
• Lives with the index child (selected by the formerly mentioned caregiver) for at least four nights a week

You may not qualify if:

• (1) Primary Caregiver
• \- Has already participated in the Parent Centre's Positive Parenting Skills Training or the Parenting and Leadership Training

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University of Cape Town: lead
• The Parent Centre: collaborator

Study Sites (1)

The Department of Psychology and the School of Management Studies, the University of Cape Town

Cape Town, Western Cape, 7701, South Africa

Location

Related Publications (4)

• Kane GA, Wood VA, Barlow J. Parenting programmes: a systematic review and synthesis of qualitative research. Child Care Health Dev. 2007 Nov;33(6):784-93. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2214.2007.00750.x.

  PMID: 17944788 BACKGROUND

• Krug EG, Mercy JA, Dahlberg LL, Zwi AB. [World report on violence and health]. Biomedica. 2002 Dec;22 Suppl 2:327-36. Spanish.

  PMID: 12596453 BACKGROUND

• Knerr W, Gardner F, Cluver L. Improving positive parenting skills and reducing harsh and abusive parenting in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review. Prev Sci. 2013 Aug;14(4):352-63. doi: 10.1007/s11121-012-0314-1.

  PMID: 23315023 BACKGROUND

• Kaminski JW, Valle LA, Filene JH, Boyle CL. A meta-analytic review of components associated with parent training program effectiveness. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2008 May;36(4):567-89. doi: 10.1007/s10802-007-9201-9. Epub 2008 Jan 19.

  PMID: 18205039 BACKGROUND

Related Links

• The Parent Centre's website

Study Officials

• Soraya N Lester, MPhil

  University of Cape Town

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Purpose: PREVENTION
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Principal Investigator

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: May 12, 2014
• First Posted: May 16, 2014
• Study Start: April 1, 2014
• Primary Completion: December 1, 2015
• Study Completion: December 1, 2015
• Last Updated: March 14, 2016

Record last verified: 2016-03

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share

Locations

ZA (1)