The Effect of Immersive Virtual Reality, Non-Immersive Virtual Reality, and 3D-Printed Models on Learning Performance and Cognitive Load in Anatomy Education
Sponsor study identifier
interventional
90
1 country
1
Study Start
October 1, 2026
Estimated (date passed)This estimate has passed. The registry has not confirmed an actual date for this milestone.
Primary Completion
February 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Study Completion
March 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Interactions with virtual content can enhance the creation and retention of knowledge. While some studies have found that learning methods involving the body-such as tactile manipulation-can lead to deeper understanding and higher achievement scores, other studies suggest that highly embodied tasks may limit the effectiveness of education by placing excessive cognitive or physical demands on learners. This study aims to compare the effects of different forms of visual representation and interaction (2D, digital 3D, physical 3D) on learning performance, presence, embodiment, and cognitive load among college students.
Registry-reported information. Elapsed time and enrollment totals alone do not measure study progress or recruitment pace.
March 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
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Dates and qualifiers reported by the registry. Estimated dates do not confirm that a milestone has occurred.
October 1, 2026
Estimated (date passed)This estimate has passed. The registry has not confirmed an actual date for this milestone.
October 13, 2026
Actual (reported)October 21, 2026
Actual (reported)February 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
March 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Exam Scores
To assess students' baseline knowledge of anatomical terminology and general anatomy, a general knowledge test will be administered before the pre-test, and participants will be allocated to groups based on their test scores. Learning performance will be assessed using a 20-item multiple-choice test and a five-station Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE), administered before and after the intervention. The assessments will cover bony landmarks, anatomical relationships, important anatomical structures, attachment sites, and functions.
Baseline, day 1, and 8 weeks later
Cyber-Sickness Questionnaire in Virtual Reality
Baseline, within 30 minutes after intervention
Cognitive Load Assessment
within 30 minutes after intervention, 8 weeks later
Instructional Materials Motivation Survey
within 30 minutes after intervention
Test Anxiety Inventory
baseline, within 30 minutes after intervention
Assessment of the Sense of Realism and Enjoyment of the Application
within 30 minutes after intervention
Following the theoretical lecture, participants in this group will receive anatomy training in an immersive virtual reality environment using a head-mounted display. They will actively manipulate, rotate, and examine the 3D models of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum to explore their anatomical structures.
Following the theoretical lecture, participants in this group will receive anatomy training in a non-immersive virtual reality environment using the same anatomy software as the immersive VR group, with the virtual environment displayed on a wall through a projector instead of a head-mounted display. They will directly manipulate, rotate, and examine the same 3D models of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum to explore their anatomical structures.
All participants in the three groups will receive a 60-minute theoretical lecture on the anatomy of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum, supported by slides containing two-dimensional anatomical illustrations.Following the theoretical lecture, parti
All participants in the three groups will receive a 60-minute theoretical lecture on the anatomy of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum, supported by slides containing two-dimensional anatomical illustrations. Following the theoretical lecture, participants in the non-immersive virtual reality group will use the same anatomy education application as the immersive VR group, with the virtual environment displayed on a wall using a short-throw projector. Participants will examine the anatomical structures of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum through direct manipulation of the projected 3D models.
Faculty of Health Sciences Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University
Bolu, Merkez, 14100, Turkey (Türkiye)
ramazan kurul, phd
Abant Izzet Baysal University
First Submitted
October 13, 2026
First Posted
October 21, 2026
Study Start
October 1, 2026
Estimated (date passed)This estimate has passed. The registry has not confirmed an actual date for this milestone.
Effect of Hamstring Stretching on Cervical Flexor Muscle Endurance
Following the theoretical lecture, participants in this group will receive anatomy training using 3D-printed anatomical models produced from the same 3D files used in the virtual reality groups. They will directly handle, manipulate, rotate, and examine the physical models of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum to explore their anatomical structures through hands-on interaction.
All participants in the three groups will receive a 60-minute theoretical lecture on the anatomy of the carpal bones, L2 vertebra, and sacrum, supported by slides containing two-dimensional anatomical illustrations. Following the lecture, participants in the 3D-printed anatomical model group will examine the prominent anatomical structures of these bones for 30 minutes through direct manipulation of three-dimensional physical models.
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Primary Completion
February 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Study Completion
March 1, 2027
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Last Updated
October 21, 2026
Record last verified: 2026-10
data of this study will be available after the publication of the study and will be usable upon citing the related article
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov.
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