Pain Resilience and Pain Self-Efficacy as Parallel Mediators of the Relationship Between Self-Critical Rumination and Pain-Specific Well-Being in Individuals With Chronic Pain: A Structural Equation Modeling Study

NCT07846540 | Not Yet Recruiting

• 1 other identifier: kronik ağrı-2
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 451
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This study is a cross-sectional, correlational, and analytical study designed to examine the parallel mediating roles of pain resilience and pain self-efficacy in the relationship between self-critical rumination and pain-specific well-being in individuals with chronic pain. Structural equation modeling will be used to simultaneously evaluate the direct and indirect relationships between the variables.

Conditions

Chronic Pain

Keywords

Pain Resilience; Pain Self-Efficacy; Self-Critical Rumination; Pain-Specific Well-Being; Chronic Pain; Structural Equation Modeling Study

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (5)

• Numerical Rating Scales

  Numerical Rating Scales (NRS): In alignment with the IASP Classification of Chronic Pain for the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11), participants' pain intensity over the past week, the impact of pain on daily activities, and the level of pain-related distress will be assessed separately using 0-10 numerical rating scales. Pain intensity will be rated from 0 ("no pain") to 10 ("worst pain imaginable"); the impact of pain on daily life from 0 ("no impact") to 10 ("completely prevents my activities"); and pain-related distress from 0 ("no distress") to 10 ("extreme distress").

  1 days

• The University of Washington Pain-Related Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form

  The University of Washington Pain-Related Self-Efficacy Scale-Short Form is a 6-item scale developed to assess patients' perceptions regarding their self-efficacy-or confidence-in performing daily, social, and personal activities despite pain. Each item is rated on a 5-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1 ("not at all confident") to 5 ("completely confident"). Total scores on the scale range from 6 to 30, with higher scores indicating a higher level of pain-related self-efficacy. The Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.87 in the study regarding the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale.

  1 days

• Self-Critical Rumination Scale

  Self-Critical Rumination Scale: Developed by Smart et al. (2016) to assess ruminative processes associated with self-critical thoughts, this scale consists of 10 items. Respondents rate how well the statements describe them using a 4-point Likert-type scale (1 = does not describe at all, 2 = describes very little, 3 = describes moderately, 4 = describes very well). In the original study examining its psychometric properties, the scale's internal consistency coefficient was found to be .92, and it was determined to have a single-factor structure. It was also reported that the scale shows high correlations with constructs related to both self-criticism and rumination. In the study regarding the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.89.

  1 days

• Pain Resilience Scale

  Pain Resilience Scale: This is a 14-item scale that assesses the cognitive, emotional, and behavioral responses individuals exhibit when facing intense or prolonged pain. The scale comprises two sub-dimensions: behavioral persistence (items 1-5) and a positive cognitive-emotional approach (items 6-14). Items are scored on a scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("always"). In the Turkish version of the PRS, only items 8, 11, and 12 are reverse-scored; for these items, the scoring is reversed from 4 ("always") to 0 ("never"). A high total score on the scale indicates a high level of pain resilience. The Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.920 in the study establishing the scale's validity and reliability in Turkish.

  1 days

• Well-Being in Pain Questionnaire

  This scale was developed to assess well-being in the presence of pain among individuals with chronic pain, as well as the psychological, social, and lifestyle-related characteristics that support such well-being. The scale consists of a total of 11 items rated on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 0 ("never") to 4 ("almost always"). The total score is calculated by summing the responses to all items and ranges from 0 to 44. Higher scores indicate a higher level of pain-related well-being; a score of 0 represents the minimum level, while a score of 44 represents the maximum level of pain-related well-being. In the study regarding the Turkish validity and reliability of the scale, the Cronbach's alpha value was reported as 0.713.

  1 days

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years+
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Having chronic pain that has persisted or recurred for at least three months

You may qualify if:

• Individuals aged 18 years and older,
• Having chronic pain that has persisted or recurred for at least three months,
• Being followed up for chronic pain at the Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Outpatient Clinic,
• Able to read and understand Turkish and communicate at a level sufficient to complete data collection forms,
• And agreeing to participate in the research voluntarily will be included.

You may not qualify if:

• Individuals with pain lasting less than three months or experiencing only acute pain,
• Individuals with cancer-related pain,
• Individuals in the palliative or terminal stage,
• Individuals who have undergone major surgery within the last three months and still experience acute/postoperative pain related to the surgery,
• Individuals with cognitive or communication impairments that would prevent them from understanding the research questions and independently responding to the data collection instruments will be excluded.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Bilecik Seyh Edebali Universitesi: lead

Study Sites (1)

Bilecik Seyh Edebali University

Bilecik, Bilecik, 11000, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Chronic Pain

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Central Study Contacts

Semanur Bilgiç

CONTACT

05395966328; semanurblgc@gmail.com

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: OTHER
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Target Duration: 1 Day
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Research Assistant

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: September 16, 2026
• First Posted: September 29, 2026
• Study Start (Estimated): October 31, 2026
• Primary Completion (Estimated): June 30, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 1, 2027
• Last Updated: September 29, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-09

Locations

TU (1)