NCT07692568

Brief Summary

This clinical trial (randomized controlled experimental study) aims to learn about the effects of presenting the family-witnessed CPR process from a patient's perspective through 360° virtual reality and 2D video within second-year nursing students. The primary question(s) / hypotheses it aims to answer are:

  • H1: Will the content validity ratio of the developed scenario be above 0.80?
  • H2: Is the increase in empathy scores (pre-test/post-test difference) of students in the 360° VR group significantly higher compared to the 2D video and control groups?
  • H3: Is the increase in ethical sensitivity scores of students in the 360° VR group significantly higher compared to the 2D video and control groups?
  • H4: Is the change in perception scores toward family-witnessed CPR more positive in the 360° VR group compared to the other groups, and is their mean SUS (System Usability Scale) score at or above the acceptability threshold of 70?
  • H5: Is the VES (Video Engagement Skale) score of students in the 360° VR group significantly higher than that of the 2D video group? Researchers will compare the 360° immersive video (360° VR) group, the 2-dimensional (2D) video group, and the control group to see if there are effects on empathy, ethical sensitivity, perception of risks-benefits of family presence, self-confidence regarding family presence, video engagement, and system usability. Participants will be asked to:
  • Watch the scenario reenactment involving a family-witnessed CPR process, recorded via a 360° camera (in either 360° VR or 2D format, depending on their assigned group).
  • Complete data collection tools consisting of the Introductory Information Form, "Jefferson Scale of Empathy", "Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire", "Family Presence Risk-Benefit Scale and Family Presence Self-Confidence Scale", "System Usability Scale (SUS-TR)", and "Video Engagement Skale(VES)".

Trial Health

63
Monitor

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment
105

participants targeted

Target at P50-P75 for not_applicable

Timeline
8mo left

Started Jul 2026

Shorter than P25 for not_applicable

Geographic Reach
1 country

1 active site

Status
not yet recruiting

Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.

Trial Relationships

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Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

Study Progress11%
Jul 2026Apr 2027

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

July 2, 2026

Completed
2 days until next milestone

Study Start

First participant enrolled

July 4, 2026

Completed
5 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

July 9, 2026

Completed
5 months until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

December 1, 2026

Expected
4 months until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

April 1, 2027

Last Updated

July 17, 2026

Status Verified

July 1, 2026

Enrollment Period

5 months

First QC Date

July 2, 2026

Last Update Submit

July 16, 2026

Conditions

Family Witnessed ResuscitationEmpathy EducationEducation NursingEthics Nursing

Keywords

Virtual reality360-degree video2D videoPatient perspectiveNursing studentsEmpathyEthical sensitivityFamily-witnessed resuscitation

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (5)

  • Change in Jefferson Scale of Empathy Scores

    This scale evaluates the nursing students empathy levels. Higher scores indicate higher empathy levels.

    Baseline (Pre-test) and right after the intervention (Post-test)

  • Change in Ethical Sensitivity Questionnaire Scores

    This questionnaire evaluates the ethical sensitivity levels of nursing students. Higher scores indicate higher ethical sensitivity.

    Baseline (Pre-test) and right after the intervention (Post-test)

  • Change in Family Presence Risk Benefit Scale and Family Presence Self Confidence Scale Scores

    These scales evaluate students perceptions of the risks/benefits and their self-confidence regarding family presence during CPR.

    Baseline (Pre-test) and right after the intervention (Post-test)

  • System Usability Scale Scores

    The System Usability Scale (SUS) evaluates the perceived usability of the 360 VR and 2D video systems. Higher scores indicate better usability.

    Right after the intervention (Post-test)

  • Video Engagement Scale Scores

    The Video Engagement Scale (VES) evaluates the video engagement and immersion levels of the students. Higher scores indicate higher engagement.

    Right after the intervention (Post-test)

Study Arms (3)

360 VR Video Group

EXPERIMENTAL

Nursing students who watch the family-witnessed CPR scenario from a patient perspective using 360-degree virtual reality.

Behavioral: 360 Degree Virtual Reality Video

2D Video Group

EXPERIMENTAL

Nursing students who watch the family-witnessed CPR scenario from a patient perspective as a standard 2-dimensional video.

Behavioral: 2D Standard Video

Control Group

NO INTERVENTION

Nursing students who receive traditional nursing education without watching any video or VR scenario.

Interventions

360 Degree Virtual Reality VideoBEHAVIORAL

Immersive 360-degree virtual reality video scenario of family-witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation presented from a patient perspective.

360 VR Video Group
2D Standard VideoBEHAVIORAL

Standard 2-dimensional video scenario of family-witnessed cardiopulmonary resuscitation presented from a patient perspective.

2D Video Group

Eligibility Criteria

Sexall
Healthy VolunteersYes
Age GroupsChild (0-17), Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

  • Being a second-year undergraduate nursing student
  • Volunteering to participate in the study and signing the informed consent form
  • Not having participated in a similar virtual reality or family-witnessed CPR study before

You may not qualify if:

  • Having a diagnosed neurological or psychiatric disorder that prevents using virtual reality glasses (such as epilepsy, severe vertigo, or motion sickness)
  • Having uncorrected visual or hearing impairments
  • Not completing all stages of the study (pre-test, intervention, or post-test)

Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.

Sponsors & Collaborators

Study Sites (1)

Sakarya University

Sakarya, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Central Study Contacts

Fatma Ozder, MSc

CONTACT

+90 850 450 2828fatma.ozder@ogr.sakarya.edu.tr

Study Design

Study Type
interventional
Phase
not applicable
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Masking
SINGLE
Who Masked
OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
Purpose
OTHER
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Model Details: randomized controlled experimental study
Sponsor Type
OTHER
Responsible Party
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
PI Title
INSTRUCTOR

Study Record Dates

First Submitted

July 2, 2026

First Posted

July 9, 2026

Study Start

July 4, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

December 1, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

April 1, 2027

Last Updated

July 17, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-07

Data Sharing

IPD Sharing
Will not share

Locations

TU(1)