The Effectiveness of the Three-dimensional Biochemical Activity Model of Pain

NCT07389382 | Completed DMC

• 1 other identifier: 428991-579/24
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 90
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to develop a pain biochemical activity model taken from a three-dimensional printer and fixed by applying epoxy resin and to investigate the effect of this model on nursing students' understanding of the pain mechanism and their motivation to learn. Methods: The universe of the study consisted of students enrolled in the Biochemistry course at the faculty of nursing of a university in the north of Türkiye during the spring semester of the 2023-2024 academic year. Students were divided into three strata based on their achievement average: high (75 and above), moderate (55-75), and low (54 and below). Forty-five students from each stratum were selected using computer-assisted randomization and assigned to the intervention and control groups. "Student Identification Form", "Pain Mechanism Information Form", "Instructional Material Motivation Scale" and The CONSORT checklist were used to collect data.

Conditions

Pain Management; 3D Printing; Education Nursing

Keywords

Pain Management; 3D Printing; Nursing Students; Education; Motivation to learn

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (2)

• Student Identification Form

  This form including students' age, gender, high school type, native language, whether they choose a career voluntarily, and whether they have received previous training on pain.

  This form consisted of six questions and was administered to students one hour prior to the training.

• Pain Mechanism Information Form

  The Pain Mechanism Information Form was developed by the researchers based on literature. The developed questionnaire consists of 14 items, each prepared in a short-answer and fill-in-the-blank format. The scope of the Pain Mechanism Information Form includes: Pain physiology and classification, structure of nociceptors and pain transmission pathways, chemical mediators (Bradykinin, Prostaglandin, Serotonin, CGRP, Substance-P, Histamine), peripheral nerve ending release and mast cell activation, and vascular effects of inflammation (vasodilation, edema). Five experts were consulted to ensure the validity of the Pain Mechanism Information Form. Each item was reviewed for its appropriateness and clarity for the intended learning outcomes and content, and necessary revisions were made based on the expert opinions. To ensure reliability, scoring was assessed for short-answer tests, and the questionnaires were scored separately by two raters. The inter-rater reliability coefficient (Cohen'

  This form was applied to students 15 minutes before the training began and 5 minutes after the training ended.

Secondary Outcomes (1)

• Instructional Material Motivation Scale

  This form was applied to students 30 minutes after the training ended.

Study Arms (2)

Intervention group

EXPERIMENTAL

Students in the intervention group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using a 3D-printed pain biochemical activity model.

Device: 3D printed pain biochemical activity training model

control group

OTHER

Students in the control group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using face-to-face instruction and PowerPoint presentations. To avoid interaction between the two laboratories, the control group received training first, followed immediately by the intervention group, who were then transferred to the other laboratory.

Other: PowerPoint Presentations

Interventions

3D printed pain biochemical activity training model DEVICE

Computer-generated drawings designed to explain the biochemical mechanism of pain were created using plastic filaments from a 3D printer. Students were divided into small groups of nine using the resulting figures, and the processes of pain mechanisms were explained. At the end of the session, the figures were fixed by applying epoxy resin. After the students poured the epoxy resin onto the models in liquid form, it solidified within six hours, securing the shape as a transparent layer.

Intervention group

PowerPoint Presentations OTHER

Students in the control group received one hour of training on pain by the same researcher, using face-to-face instruction and PowerPoint presentations. To avoid interaction between the two laboratories, the control group received training first, followed immediately by the intervention group, who were then transferred to the other laboratory.

control group

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years+
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

• Being over 18 years old
• Participating voluntarily in the research
• Not having received any previous training in pain
• Being a native Turkish speaker

You may not qualify if:

• Being under 18 years old
• Not participating voluntarily in the research
• Having received any previous training in pain
• Not being a native Turkish speaker

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University

Zonguldak, Zonguldak Province, 67100, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (6)

• Ortiz, M. I., Cuevas-Suarez, C. E., Carino-Cortes, R., de Jesús Navarrete-Hernández, J., & Gonzalez-Montiel, C. A. (2022). Nurses knowledge and attitude regarding pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Nurse Education in Practice, 63, 103390.

  RESULT

• Erickson JM, Brashers V, Owen J, Marks JR, Thomas SM. Effectiveness of an interprofessional workshop on pain management for medical and nursing students. J Interprof Care. 2016 Jul;30(4):466-74. doi: 10.3109/13561820.2016.1159185. Epub 2016 Jun 6.

  PMID: 27268513 RESULT

• Murphy-Smith MT, Samawi Z, Abbott P. Teaching Strategies for Nonpharmacological Pain Management to Nursing Students. Pain Manag Nurs. 2024 Oct;25(5):474-479. doi: 10.1016/j.pmn.2024.04.006. Epub 2024 May 6.

  PMID: 38714423 RESULT

• Cousins M, Lane-Krebs K, Matthews J, Johnston-Devin C. Student nurses' pain knowledge and attitudes towards pain management over the last 20 years: A systematic review. Nurse Educ Today. 2022 Jan;108:105169. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105169. Epub 2021 Oct 9.

  PMID: 34653890 RESULT

• Alshehri FA, Levett-Jones T, Pich J. Nursing students' knowledge of and attitudes towards pain management: An integrative review. Nurse Educ Today. 2024 Aug;139:106207. doi: 10.1016/j.nedt.2024.106207. Epub 2024 Apr 10.

  PMID: 38669861 RESULT

• Adillon C, Lozano E, Salvat I. Comparison of pain neurophysiology knowledge among health sciences students: a cross-sectional study. BMC Res Notes. 2015 Oct 22;8:592. doi: 10.1186/s13104-015-1585-y.

  PMID: 26493565 RESULT

Related Links

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MeSH Terms

Conditions

Agnosia

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Perceptual Disorders; Neurobehavioral Manifestations; Neurologic Manifestations; Nervous System Diseases; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: NONE
• Purpose: BASIC SCIENCE
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Associate Professor, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Ahmet Erdogan Health Services Vocational School, Health Care Services Program

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: November 27, 2025
• First Posted: February 5, 2026
• Study Start: May 12, 2024
• Primary Completion: October 12, 2024
• Study Completion: August 12, 2025
• Last Updated: February 5, 2026

Record last verified: 2025-10

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)