Validation and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic (MoCA-B) in Individuals With Low Educational Level

NCT07630688 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: 2024-018
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 166
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This study aimed to evaluate the validity, reliability, and diagnostic accuracy of the Turkish version of MoCA-B in distinguishing healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia patients within a low-education population.

Conditions

Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia; Dementia; Dementia (Diagnosis); Dementia Alzheimer Type; MCI; MCI Conversion to Dementia; Memory; Cognitive; Mild Cognitive Impairment

Keywords

MoCA-B; dementia; turkish; validity; reliability; MCI; MMSE; CDR

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• MoCA-B cut off points

  Calculating cutoff values for dementia and MCI in untrained individuals using the MoCA-B test.

  at baseline and after 4 weeks (test-retest)

Secondary Outcomes (2)

• Correlations of MoCA-B total score with MMSE and CDR

  data were collected between January 2024 and November 2025.

• Subdomain-level analyses

  Data were collected between January 2024 and November 2025

Other Outcomes (1)

• Educational/demographic factors in the use of MoCA-B testing.

  Data were collected between January 2024 and November 2025

Study Arms (3)

Dementia

Patients who had dementia

MCI

Patients who had mild cognitive impairment

Control

Healthy controls

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 50 Years - 100 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Adults aged 50-100 years presenting with memory complaints were recruited from the Neurology and Dementia outpatient clinics of Antalya Training and Research Hospital (January 2024-November 2025). Eligibility required low educational attainment (illiterate to primary school level). The study enrolled 166 participants, including healthy controls (n=55), mild cognitive impairment (MCI) cases (n=55), and dementia cases (n=56), all clinically characterized within routine specialty-care evaluation.

You may qualify if:

• Age 50-100 years
• Presented with memory complaints and were evaluated in the Neurology/Dementia outpatient clinics of Antalya Training and Research Hospital (Jan 2024-Nov 2025)
• Low educational attainment (illiterate to primary school level)
• Provided informed consent

You may not qualify if:

• Active psychiatric disorders / active psychopathology
• Intracranial mass lesions
• Secondary causes of dementia
• Severe medical conditions affecting cognition
• History of traumatic brain injury

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Antalya Training and Research Hospital: lead

Study Sites (1)

Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Department, University of Health Sciences (SBÜ), Türkiye

Antalya, Muratpaşa, 07030, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (23)

• Siddiqui M, Nyahoda T, Traber C, Elliott S, Wang V, Toledo-Franco L, Rodin MB. Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Primary Care: Rationale and Tools. Mo Med. 2023 Nov-Dec;120(6):431-439.

  PMID: 38144923 RESULT

• Franzen S; European Consortium on Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology (ECCroN); Watermeyer TJ, Pomati S, Papma JM, Nielsen TR, Narme P, Mukadam N, Lozano-Ruiz A, Ibanez-Casas I, Goudsmit M, Fasfous A, Daugherty JC, Canevelli M, Calia C, van den Berg E, Bekkhus-Wetterberg P. Cross-cultural neuropsychological assessment in Europe: Position statement of the European Consortium on Cross-Cultural Neuropsychology (ECCroN). Clin Neuropsychol. 2022 Apr;36(3):546-557. doi: 10.1080/13854046.2021.1981456. Epub 2021 Oct 6.

  PMID: 34612169 RESULT

• Klil-Drori S, Phillips N, Fernandez A, Solomon S, Klil-Drori AJ, Chertkow H. Evaluation of a Telephone Version for the Montreal Cognitive Assessment: Establishing a Cutoff for Normative Data From a Cross-Sectional Study. J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol. 2022 May;35(3):374-381. doi: 10.1177/08919887211002640. Epub 2021 Apr 16.

  PMID: 33858238 RESULT

• Carton C, Calafiore M, Cauet C, Messaadi N, Bayen M, Wyts D, Messaadi W, Richebe T, Bayen S. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) use in general practice for the early detection of cognitive impairment: a feasibility study. BJGP Open. 2025 Apr 24;9(1):BJGPO.2024.0039. doi: 10.3399/BJGPO.2024.0039. Print 2025 Apr.

  PMID: 39168498 RESULT

• Mulchandani R, Grover U, Ray S, Gandotra S, Dhamija RK, Lyngdoh T. Validating the Telephone Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale-Hindi as a Remote Screening Tool for Mild Cognitive Impairment. Cogn Behav Neurol. 2025 Jun 1;38(2):35-42. doi: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000389.

  PMID: 40129129 RESULT

• Avcil, C., H. Bulut, and G. Hızlı Sayar, Psikiyatrik Hastalıklar ve Damgalama. Üsküdar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi,

  RESULT

• Scheenen ME, van den Brink RHS, Konstantinidou S, Lugtenburg A, Spit J, Hendriks GJ, Naarding P, de Vent NR, Kessels RPC, Oude Voshaar RC, Jeuring HW. Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) Norms for Older Patients with a Depressive Disorder. Med Sci (Basel). 2025 Dec 10;13(4):312. doi: 10.3390/medsci13040312.

  PMID: 41440544 RESULT

• Pinto JO, Dores AR, Peixoto B, Barbosa F. Ecological validity in neurocognitive assessment: Systematized review, content analysis, and proposal of an instrument. Appl Neuropsychol Adult. 2025 Mar-Apr;32(2):577-594. doi: 10.1080/23279095.2023.2170800. Epub 2023 Feb 8.

  PMID: 36755377 RESULT

• Atri A, Dickerson BC, Clevenger C, Karlawish J, Knopman D, Lin PJ, Norman M, Onyike C, Sano M, Scanland S, Carrillo M. The Alzheimer's Association clinical practice guideline for the diagnostic evaluation, testing, counseling, and disclosure of suspected Alzheimer's disease and related disorders (DETeCD-ADRD): Validated clinical assessment instruments. Alzheimers Dement. 2025 Jan;21(1):e14335. doi: 10.1002/alz.14335. Epub 2024 Dec 23.

  PMID: 39713939 RESULT

• Dickerson BC, Atri A, Clevenger C, Karlawish J, Knopman D, Lin PJ, Norman M, Onyike C, Sano M, Scanland S, Carrillo M. The Alzheimer's Association clinical practice guideline for the Diagnostic Evaluation, Testing, Counseling, and Disclosure of Suspected Alzheimer's Disease and Related Disorders (DETeCD-ADRD): Executive summary of recommendations for specialty care. Alzheimers Dement. 2025 Jan;21(1):e14337. doi: 10.1002/alz.14337. Epub 2024 Dec 23.

  PMID: 39713957 RESULT

• Gugler K, Funk C, Brodelius P. Elicitor-induced tyrosine decarboxylase in berberine-synthesizing suspension cultures of Thalictrum rugosum. Eur J Biochem. 1988 Jan 4;170(3):661-6. doi: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1988.tb13748.x.

  PMID: 3338459 RESULT

• Malek-Ahmadi M, Nikkhahmanesh N. Meta-analysis of Montreal cognitive assessment diagnostic accuracy in amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Front Psychol. 2024 Feb 13;15:1369766. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369766. eCollection 2024.

  PMID: 38414877 RESULT

• Luo H, Andersson B, Wong GHY, Lum TYS. Longitudinal measurement properties of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2022 Nov;44(9):627-639. doi: 10.1080/13803395.2022.2148634. Epub 2022 Nov 30.

  PMID: 36448676 RESULT

• Luo H, Andersson B, Tang JYM, Wong GHY. Applying Item Response Theory Analysis to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment in a Low-Education Older Population. Assessment. 2020 Oct;27(7):1416-1428. doi: 10.1177/1073191118821733. Epub 2019 Jan 4.

  PMID: 30607981 RESULT

• White RS, Barber JM, Harp JP, Jicha GA. Examining the Effects of Formal Education Level on the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. J Am Board Fam Med. 2022 Dec 23;35(6):1043-1057. doi: 10.3122/jabfm.2022.220093R1.

  PMID: 36564192 RESULT

• Livingston G, Huntley J, Liu KY, Costafreda SG, Selbaek G, Alladi S, Ames D, Banerjee S, Burns A, Brayne C, Fox NC, Ferri CP, Gitlin LN, Howard R, Kales HC, Kivimaki M, Larson EB, Nakasujja N, Rockwood K, Samus Q, Shirai K, Singh-Manoux A, Schneider LS, Walsh S, Yao Y, Sommerlad A, Mukadam N. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission. Lancet. 2024 Aug 10;404(10452):572-628. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01296-0. Epub 2024 Jul 31. No abstract available.

  PMID: 39096926 RESULT

• Saleh AA, Alkholy RSAEHA, Khalaf OO, Sabry NA, Amer H, El-Jaafary S, Khalil MAEF. Validation of Montreal Cognitive Assessment-Basic in a sample of elderly Egyptians with neurocognitive disorders. Aging Ment Health. 2019 May;23(5):551-557. doi: 10.1080/13607863.2018.1428936. Epub 2018 Feb 9.

  PMID: 29424560 RESULT

• Huang L, Chen KL, Lin BY, Tang L, Zhao QH, Lv YR, Guo QH. Chinese version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Basic for discrimination among different severities of Alzheimer's disease. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2018 Aug 21;14:2133-2140. doi: 10.2147/NDT.S174293. eCollection 2018.

  PMID: 30174426 RESULT

• Amatneeks TM, Hamdan AC. Montreal Cognitive Assessment for cognitive assessment in chronic kidney disease: a systematic review. J Bras Nefrol. 2019 Jan-Mar;41(1):112-123. doi: 10.1590/2175-8239-JBN-2018-0086. Epub 2019 Jan 24.

  PMID: 31063176 RESULT

• Zegarra-Valdivia JA, Chino B, Tituana K, Zapata-Restrepo L, Unaucho MM, Lopez-Norori M, Paredes-Manrique C, Custodio N. Dementia and Mild Cognitive Impairment Identification in Illiterate and Low-Educated People: Systematic Review About the Use of Brief Cognitive Screening Tools. Behav Sci (Basel). 2025 Feb 13;15(2):207. doi: 10.3390/bs15020207.

  PMID: 40001837 RESULT

• Mukadam N, Wolters FJ, Walsh S, Wallace L, Brayne C, Matthews FE, Sacuiu S, Skoog I, Seshadri S, Beiser A, Ghosh S, Livingston G. Changes in prevalence and incidence of dementia and risk factors for dementia: an analysis from cohort studies. Lancet Public Health. 2024 Jul;9(7):e443-e460. doi: 10.1016/S2468-2667(24)00120-8.

  PMID: 38942556 RESULT

• Lwere K, Muwonge H, Sendagire H, Gumikiriza-Onoria JL, Nakimbugwe R, Buwembo D, Nakasujja N, Kaddumukasa M. Cognitive screening and education: assessing the Montreal Cognitive Assessment's validity in older Ugandan populations. Acad Ment Health Well Being. 2025;2(3):10.20935/mhealthwellb7804. doi: 10.20935/mhealthwellb7804. Epub 2025 Jul 18.

  PMID: 40917768 RESULT

• Babacan-Yildiz G, Ur-Ozcelik E, Kolukisa M, Isik AT, Gursoy E, Kocaman G, Celebi A. [Validity and Reliability Studies of Modified Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE-E) For Turkish Illiterate Patients With Diagnosis of Alzheimer Disease]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2016 Spring;27(1):41-6. Turkish.

  PMID: 27369684 RESULT

Related Links

• Güngen, C., Ertan, T., Eker, E., Yaşar, R., \& Engin, F. (2002). Standardize Mini Mental Test'in Türk Toplumunda Hafif Demans Tanısında Geçerlik ve Güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 13(4), 273-281.
• Official data from the Turkish Statistical Institute's research on the profile of the elderly in Türkiye.

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Behavior; Dementia; Disease; Alzheimer Disease; Cognitive Dysfunction

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Neurocognitive Disorders; Mental Disorders; Pathologic Processes; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Tauopathies; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Cognition Disorders

Study Officials

• Aylin YAMAN, Prof. MD.

  Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Department, University of Health Sciences (SBÜ), Türkiye

  STUDY CHAIR

• Ali Rıza GÜNDÜZ, MD

  Antalya Training and Research Hospital, Neurology Department, University of Health Sciences (SBÜ), Türkiye

  STUDY DIRECTOR

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: CASE CONTROL
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER GOV
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: MD

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: June 2, 2026
• First Posted: June 5, 2026
• Study Start: January 1, 2024
• Primary Completion: November 1, 2025
• Study Completion: March 30, 2026
• Last Updated: June 5, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-06

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share
• Shared Documents: STUDY PROTOCOL
• Time Frame: Beginning 6 months after publication and ending 24 months after publication.
• Access Criteria: Veriler, makul bir talep üzerine paylaşılacaktır. Talepte bulunanların metodolojik olarak sağlam bir öneri sunmaları ve çalışma ekibinden onay almaları gerekmektedir. Erişim, imzalı bir veri kullanım sözleşmesi gerektirecektir. Veriler, kimliksizleştirilmiş biçimde sağlanacaktır.

Locations

TU (1)