Smoking, Pain Threshold, and Hand Strength in Women

NCT07611760 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: KarabukFTR-2025/2563
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 132
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This study aims to investigate the effects of smoking on pain threshold, cervical position sense, and grip strength in women. Measurements will include pressure pain threshold (PPT), cervical position sense (CPS), grip strength, and pinch strength.

Conditions

Smoking ( Cigarette); Women; Pain

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Grip strenght

  Participants will be instructed to grasp the device tip between the thumb and the lateral aspect of the index finger's middle phalanx and to apply maximal force for 3 seconds, followed by relaxation.

  The measurements will be lasted 5-10 minutes.

• Pain pressure threshold

  Measurements will obtained from anatomical landmarks that have been frequently used in previous studies and reported to be reliable and sensitive.

  The measurements will last 5-10 minutes.

• Cervical Position Sense

  Using the CROM device, deviations from neutral head position were recorded in all three anatomical planes. With eyes closed, participants were then asked to perceive a target position passively guided by the examiner.

  The measurements will take 5-10 minutes.

Interventions

observational study OTHER

observational case control study

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 45 Years
• Sex: female
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Healthy women aged 18-45, both smokers and non-smokers

You may qualify if:

• Women aged 18-45, both smokers and non-smokers

You may not qualify if:

• Individuals with any diagnosed neurological, rheumatological, or musculoskeletal disorder (e.g., brachial plexus injury, cervical radiculopathy, carpal tunnel syndrome, neck pain, fibromyalgia),
• upper extremity deformity,
• migraine,
• chronic headache
• experienced neck or upper extremity injury or surgery within the previous six months

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Karabuk University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Karabuk University

Karabük, Karabük Province, 78050, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (1)

• Audette, I., Dumas, J. P., Côté, J. N., & De Serres, S. J. (2010). Validity and between-day reliability of the cervical range of motion (CROM) device. Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy, 40(5), 318-323. Bartley, E. J., & Fillingim, R. B. (2013). Sex differences in pain: a brief review of clinical and experimental findings. British journal of anaesthesia, 111(1), 52-58. Bhattacharyya, A., Hopkinson, L. D., Nolet, P. S., & Srbely, J. (2023). The reliability of pressure pain threshold in individuals with low back or neck pain: a systematic review. British Journal of Pain, 17(6), 579-591. Benowitz, N. L., Lessov-Schlaggar, C. N., Swan, G. E., & Jacob III, P. (2006). Female sex and oral contraceptive use accelerate nicotine metabolism. Clinical pharmacology & therapeutics, 79(5), 480-488. Binderup, A. T., Arendt-Nielsen, L., & Madeleine, P. (2010). Cluster analysis of pressure pain threshold maps from the trapezius muscle. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 13(6), 677-683. Bobos, P., Nazari, G., Lu, Z., & MacDermid, J. C. (2020). Measurement properties of the hand grip strength assessment: a systematic review with meta-analysis. Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation, 101(3), 553-565. Carrasco-Rios M, Ortolá R, Rodríguez-Artalejo F, García-Esquinas E. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke is associated with reduced muscle strength in US adults. Aging (Albany NY). 2019 Dec 9;11(24):12674-12684. doi: 10.18632/aging.102594. Epub 2019 Dec 9. PMID: 31815682; PMCID: PMC6949081. Castien, R. F., van der Wouden, J. C., & De Hertogh, W. (2018). Pressure pain thresholds over the cranio-cervical region in headache: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The journal of headache and pain, 19(1), 9.

  BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Cigarette Smoking; Pain

Interventions

Observation

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Tobacco Smoking; Smoking; Behavior; Tobacco Use; Neurologic Manifestations; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Methods; Investigative Techniques

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: CASE CONTROL
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Doctor

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: May 21, 2026
• First Posted: May 28, 2026
• Study Start: May 25, 2026
• Primary Completion: June 5, 2026
• Study Completion: June 7, 2026
• Last Updated: June 12, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-05

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)