Nicotine Dependence, Periodontal Awareness, and Clinical Periodontal Parameters in Smokers With Gingivitis and Periodontitis

NCT07457892 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: EBYU-Awareness-2026
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 350
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This cross-sectional observational study aims to evaluate the association between nicotine dependence and periodontal disease awareness in individuals diagnosed with gingivitis or periodontitis. While the relationship between cigarette smoking and periodontal disease has been extensively investigated, most previous studies have focused primarily on quantitative smoking exposure measures such as the number of cigarettes smoked per day or smoking duration. In contrast, nicotine dependence represents a behavioral dimension of smoking that may influence how individuals perceive and interpret health-related symptoms. Nicotine dependence will be assessed using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). Periodontal disease awareness will be determined through patient-reported responses regarding their perception of periodontal health. In addition, clinical periodontal parameters including plaque index, bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment loss (CAL) will be recorded during routine periodontal examination. The primary objective of this study is to investigate whether nicotine dependence level is associated with periodontal disease awareness. Secondary analyses will explore the relationships between nicotine dependence and clinical periodontal parameters to better understand potential mechanisms that may influence awareness patterns in smokers.

Conditions

Periodontal Disease; Gingivitis and Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis

Keywords

Nicotine Dependence; Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; Periodontal Disease Awareness; Smoking; Periodontal Parameters; Cross-Sectional Study

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Periodontal Disease Awareness

  Self-reported awareness of having periodontal disease among individuals diagnosed with gingivitis or periodontitis, determined through participant responses during clinical examination.

  Baseline

Secondary Outcomes (4)

• Maximum Probing Depth (PDmax)

  Baseline

• Maximum Clinical Attachment Loss (CALmax)

  Baseline

• Bleeding on Probing (BOP)

  Baseline

• Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence Score (FTND)

  Baseline

Study Arms (2)

Periodontal Disease Aware

Participants diagnosed with gingivitis or periodontitis who reported being aware of having periodontal disease.

Periodontal Disease Unaware

Participants diagnosed with gingivitis or periodontitis who reported not being aware of having periodontal disease.

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 65 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Participants were adult smokers diagnosed with gingivitis or periodontitis who attended or were referred to the Department of Periodontology at Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Dentistry. Some individuals presented directly for periodontal complaints, while others were referred from other dental departments during routine dental care. Participants were consecutively recruited and evaluated for periodontal disease awareness and nicotine dependence.

You may qualify if:

• Individuals aged 18 years or older
• Current smokers
• Diagnosis of gingivitis or periodontitis according to periodontal clinical examination
• Ability to complete the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence questionnaire
• Provided informed consent to participate in the study

You may not qualify if:

• Individuals with systemic diseases known to affect periodontal tissues
• History of periodontal treatment within the previous 6 months
• Use of medications that may influence periodontal status
• Pregnancy or lactation
• Inability to complete the study questionnaire

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Erzincan University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Dentistry

Erzincan, Province, 24100, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Periodontal Diseases; Gingivitis; Periodontitis; Tobacco Use Disorder; Smoking

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Mouth Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Infections; Gingival Diseases; Substance-Related Disorders; Chemically-Induced Disorders; Mental Disorders; Behavior

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: CASE CONTROL
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Target Duration: 1 Day
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Erzincan Binali Yıldırım University Faculty of Dentistry

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: March 3, 2026
• First Posted: March 9, 2026
• Study Start: May 20, 2025
• Primary Completion: January 16, 2026
• Study Completion: January 16, 2026
• Last Updated: March 9, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-03

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)