The Influence of Explainability and Integrability of AI-CDSS on Usage Behavior Among Primary Care Physicians

NCT07401979 | Not Yet Recruiting DMC

• 1 other identifier: CXL202601141106
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 3,000
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The goal of this observational experimental study is to determine how system-level features of artificial intelligence clinical decision support systems (AI-CDSS)-specifically explainability and integrability-affect usage behavior among primary care physicians in China. The study focuses on licensed primary care physicians, regardless of gender, age, years of clinical experience, or prior AI exposure. The main questions it aims to answer are:

• Do specific AI features (e.g., feature attribution, chain-of-thought explanation, seamless workflow integration, automated data input) independently influence physicians' adoption intention, diagnostic accuracy, and their perceptions of the system's usefulness and ease of use?
• Do pairwise combinations of these AI features produce significant interaction effects-either synergistic or antagonistic-on these outcomes? Researchers will compare 32 distinct AI interface configurations generated from a 2⁶-¹ fractional factorial design (Resolution VI), each representing a unique combination of six binary AI features: (A) gradient-based feature importance (0 = absent, 1 = present), (B) chain-of-thought reasoning (0/1), (C) workflow integration (0 = multiple pop-up alerts, 1 = unified sidebar display), (D) automated data extraction (0 = manual entry, 1 = auto-populated from case text), (E) recommendation scope adapted to primary care settings (0 = restricted to essential options, 1 = full range of recommendations), and (F) model confidence display (0 = absent, 1 = present). This design enables unbiased estimation of all six main effects and all 15 two-way interactions. Participants will: Complete three standardized clinical case scenarios involving common respiratory infections via a web-based simulation platform; First provide an initial diagnosis and treatment plan without any AI input; Then review an AI-generated recommendation embedded with a randomly assigned combination of the six AI features; Revise their final diagnosis and prescription based on the AI suggestion; Rate their adoption intention, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use using validated 7-point Likert-scale items after each case.

Conditions

Respiratory Tract Infections (RTI)

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (6)

• Correction Event Rate

  Proportion of cases where the physician's initial decision was incorrect, but was corrected to the right decision after viewing AI recommendations. Calculated as: (Number of cases where initial decision was wrong AND final decision was correct) / (Total number of cases where initial decision was wrong). This measures the positive corrective influence of AI-CDSS on physician decision-making. Continuous variable ranging from 0 to 1.

  Immediately after intervention

• Misleading Event Rate

  Proportion of cases where the physician's initial decision was correct, but was changed to an incorrect decision after viewing AI recommendations. Calculated as: (Number of cases where initial decision was correct AND final decision was wrong) / (Total number of cases where initial decision was correct). This measures the potential negative influence of AI-CDSS on physician decision-making. Continuous variable ranging from 0 to 1.

  Immediately after intervention

• Diagnostic Accuracy (Top-1)

  Proportion of cases where the physician's final primary diagnosis (first-ranked diagnosis) matches the correct diagnosis (gold standard). Measured separately for initial diagnosis (before AI) and final diagnosis (after AI) to assess AI impact on diagnostic accuracy. Continuous variable ranging from 0 to 1.

  Immediately after intervention

• Diagnostic Accuracy (Top-3)

  Proportion of cases where the correct diagnosis (gold standard) appears within the physician's top 3 differential diagnoses. Measured separately for initial diagnosis (before AI) and final diagnosis (after AI). This captures whether the correct diagnosis was considered even if not ranked first. Continuous variable ranging from 0 to 1.

  Immediately after intervention

• Appropriateness of Antibiotic Use Decision

  Proportion of cases where the physician's final decision on whether to prescribe antibiotics (yes/no) aligns with evidence-based guidelines (gold standard). This measures the appropriateness of the binary decision to use or withhold antibiotics, regardless of the specific antibiotic chosen. Measured separately for initial decision (before AI) and final decision (after AI). Continuous variable ranging from 0 to 1.

  Immediately after intervention

• Appropriateness of Antibiotic Selection

  Among cases where antibiotics were prescribed, proportion of cases where the physician's final antibiotic selection (specific drug choice) aligns with evidence-based guidelines (gold standard). This measures the appropriateness of the specific antibiotic chosen, conditional on the decision to prescribe. Measured separately for initial selection (before AI) and final selection (after AI). Continuous variable ranging from 0 to 1.

  Immediately after intervention

Secondary Outcomes (4)

• Decision Certainty

  Immediately after intervention

• Intention to Adopt AI-CDSS

  Immediately after intervention

• Perceived Usefulness of AI-CDSS

  Immediately after intervention

• Perceived Ease of Use of AI-CDSS

  Immediately after intervention

Study Arms (32)

AI-CDSS Basic Configuration

NO INTERVENTION

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

AI-CDSS Configuration 2

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Stepwise Medication and Auto-extraction

AI-CDSS Configuration 3

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Feature Importance and Auto-extraction

AI-CDSS Configuration 4

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Feature Importance and Stepwise Medication

AI-CDSS Configuration 5

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Confidence Display and Auto-extraction

AI-CDSS Configuration 6

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Confidence Display and Stepwise Medication

AI-CDSS Configuration 7

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Confidence Display and Feature Importance

AI-CDSS Configuration 8

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 8)

AI-CDSS Configuration 9

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Auto-extraction

AI-CDSS Configuration 10

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Stepwise Medication

AI-CDSS Configuration 11

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Feature Importance

AI-CDSS Configuration 12

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 12)

AI-CDSS Configuration 13

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Confidence Display

AI-CDSS Configuration 14

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 14)

AI-CDSS Configuration 15

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 15)

AI-CDSS Configuration 16

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (disabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 16)

AI-CDSS Configuration 17

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Auto-extraction

AI-CDSS Configuration 18

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Stepwise Medication

AI-CDSS Configuration 19

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Feature Importance

AI-CDSS Configuration 20

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 20)

AI-CDSS Configuration 21

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Confidence Display

AI-CDSS Configuration 22

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 22)

AI-CDSS Configuration 23

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 23)

AI-CDSS Configuration 24

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (disabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 24)

AI-CDSS Configuration 25

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Chain-of-Thought Reasoning

AI-CDSS Configuration 26

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 26)

AI-CDSS Configuration 27

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 27)

AI-CDSS Configuration 28

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (disabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 28)

AI-CDSS Configuration 29

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 29)

AI-CDSS Configuration 30

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (disabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 30)

AI-CDSS Configuration 31

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (disabled), Auto-extraction (disabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 31)

AI-CDSS Full Configuration

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants interact with an AI Clinical Decision Support System with the following feature settings: Sidebar Display (enabled), Chain-of-Thought Reasoning (enabled), Confidence Display (enabled), Feature Importance (enabled), Stepwise Medication (enabled), Auto-extraction (enabled). Participants complete 3 clinical case evaluations for respiratory tract infections using this AI configuration.

Behavioral: Full-Featured AI-CDSS

Interventions

AI-CDSS with Stepwise Medication and Auto-extraction BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 2

AI-CDSS with Feature Importance and Auto-extraction BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 3

AI-CDSS with Feature Importance and Stepwise Medication BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 4

AI-CDSS with Confidence Display and Auto-extraction BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Confidence Display; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 5

AI-CDSS with Confidence Display and Stepwise Medication BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 6

AI-CDSS with Confidence Display and Feature Importance BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Confidence Display; Feature Importance. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 7

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 8) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 8

AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Auto-extraction BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 9

AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Stepwise Medication BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 10

AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Feature Importance BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 11

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 12) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 12

AI-CDSS with Chain-of-Thought Reasoning and Confidence Display BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 13

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 14) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Feature Importance. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 14

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 15) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 15

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 16) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Sidebar Display; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 16

AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Auto-extraction BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 17

AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Stepwise Medication BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 18

AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Feature Importance BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Feature Importance. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 19

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 20) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 20

AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Confidence Display BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 21

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 22) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 22

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 23) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 23

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 24) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 24

AI-CDSS with Sidebar Display and Chain-of-Thought Reasoning BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning. Inactive features: Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 25

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 26) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Confidence Display; Feature Importance. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 26

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 27) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 27

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 28) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Confidence Display; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 28

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 29) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Auto-extraction. Inactive features: Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 29

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 30) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Stepwise Medication. Inactive features: Feature Importance; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 30

AI-CDSS with 4 Features (Config 31) BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance. Inactive features: Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Configuration 31

Full-Featured AI-CDSS BEHAVIORAL

An artificial intelligence-based Clinical Decision Support System for respiratory tract infections. Active features: Sidebar Display; Chain-of-Thought Reasoning; Confidence Display; Feature Importance; Stepwise Medication; Auto-extraction. The system provides diagnosis suggestions and antibiotic recommendations for primary care physicians.

AI-CDSS Full Configuration

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 65 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

• Be currently employed full-time in clinical practice at a primary care facility, including community health centers, community health stations, township hospitals, or village clinics;
• Hold a clinical medical license with a specialty in general practice or internal medicine, and have experience in diagnosing and managing respiratory tract infections;
• Have at least one year of clinical work experience;
• Be proficient in basic computer use (e.g., web browsing and online questionnaire completion), have reliable internet access, and be capable of independently completing the online experimental tasks;
• Provide voluntary informed consent to participate in the study.

You may not qualify if:

• Non-clinical staff (e.g., administrative personnel, pharmacists, laboratory technicians, or public health workers who do not directly provide outpatient clinical care);
• Individuals unable to independently complete the online experimental procedure or who demonstrate significant difficulty understanding the task instructions.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Huazhong University of Science and Technology: lead

Study Sites (1)

Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology School of Medicine and Health Management

Wuhan, Hubei, China

Location

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Respiratory Tract Infections

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Infections; Respiratory Tract Diseases

Central Study Contacts

Yushu Liu

CONTACT

18772101551; 386747962@qq.com

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT
• Purpose: HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
• Intervention Model: FACTORIAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Principal Investigator

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: January 19, 2026
• First Posted: February 11, 2026
• Study Start: February 5, 2026
• Primary Completion: March 31, 2026
• Study Completion: April 20, 2026
• Last Updated: February 11, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-02

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

CN (1)