Effects of Upper Extremity Flywheel Exercises on Skills, Muscle Oxygenation, and Fatigue in Adolescent Basketball

NCT07331012 | Recruiting DMC

• 1 other identifier: IstinyeU-EC-25-117
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 36
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This study will investigate the effects of flywheel exercises targeting the upper extremities on athletic performance, muscle oxygenation, physical fatigue, and muscle strength in adolescent basketball players. A total of 36 healthy male adolescent basketball players aged 10-18 years will be included in the study and divided into two groups using stratified randomization: a flywheel exercise group (n=18) and a traditional strength training group (n=18). Athletic skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing test, dribbling test, shooting test), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Shooting Performance Index (FAPI). Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be measured using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen meter. Physical fatigue level will be determined using the Modified Borg Scale. Upper extremity muscle strength will be assessed using a Kinvent hand dynamometer and the Seated Single Arm Ball Throw Test. The flywheel group will undergo eccentric weight flywheel exercises three times a week for eight weeks. The traditional strength training group will follow a strength training program using dumbbells for the same duration and frequency. All assessments will be conducted before and after the training program.

Conditions

Physical Fatigue

Keywords

Muscle oxygenation; Upper extremity; Physical fatigue; Flywheel training; Adolescent basketball players; Athletic performance

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Basketball-Specific Skill Performance

  Basketball-specific skills will be assessed using the Johnson Basketball Skill Tests (passing, dribbling, and shooting tests), the Basketball Shooting Accuracy Test, and the Functional Throwing Performance Index (FTPI). Higher scores indicate better basketball-specific skill performance."

  Baseline and after 8 weeks of training

• Muscle Oxygenation

  Upper extremity muscle oxygenation will be assessed using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with a Moxy muscle oxygen monitor placed over the biceps brachii muscle during basketball-specific performance tasks. Higher oxygen saturation percentages indicate better muscle oxygenation.

  Baseline and after 8 weeks of training

• Physical Fatigue

  Perceived physical fatigue will be assessed using the Modified Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale, which ranges from 0 (no fatigue) to 10 (maximal fatigue). Higher scores indicate greater perceived physical fatigue.

  Baseline and after 8 weeks of training

Secondary Outcomes (2)

• Upper Extremity Isometric Muscle Strength

  Baseline and after 8 weeks of training

• Upper Extremity Explosive Strength

  Baseline and after 8 weeks of training

Study Arms (2)

Flywheel Training Group

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants in this group will perform upper extremity eccentric-focused resistance training using a flywheel device. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, in addition to regular basketball training.

Other: Flywheel Exercises

Traditional Resistance Training Group

ACTIVE COMPARATOR

Participants in this group will perform upper extremity resistance training using dumbbells. The training program will be conducted for 8 weeks, three sessions per week, with the same training frequency and duration as the flywheel group, in addition to regular basketball training.

Other: Traditional Resistance Training

Interventions

Flywheel Exercises OTHER

Participants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity eccentric resistance exercises using the flywheel device, 3 sessions per week, with progressive load increase over time.

Flywheel Training Group

Traditional Resistance Training OTHER

Participants perform 8 weeks of upper extremity resistance exercises using dumbbells, 3 sessions per week, with individualized progressive load based on 1 repetition maximum (1RM).

Traditional Resistance Training Group

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 10 Years - 18 Years
• Sex: male
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17), Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Volunteer male basketball players aged 10-18 who have played basketball for at least one year,
• Who have regularly attended training sessions for the past 6 months,
• Who do not have an injury that would restrict their participation in training will be included in the study.

You may not qualify if:

• Those who have undergone upper extremity surgery within the last year
• Those with neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, or metabolic diseases (e.g., epilepsy, heart disease, asthma, diabetes, etc.)
• Those who have sustained any upper extremity musculoskeletal injury within the last year

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Istinye University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Iğdır Youth and Sports Provincial Directorate - Kazım Karabekir Sports Hall

Iğdır, 76000, Turkey (Türkiye)

RECRUITING

Related Publications (1)

• Younes-Egana O, Mielgo-Ayuso J, M Stojanovic MD, Bird SP, Calleja-Gonzalez J. Effectiveness of Eccentric Overload Training in Basketball Players: A Systematic Review. J Hum Kinet. 2023 Jul 15;87:243-257. doi: 10.5114/jhk/167469. eCollection 2023 Jul.

  PMID: 37559764 BACKGROUND

Study Officials

• Huseyin Melih Goktug Akpulat

  Istinye University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Central Study Contacts

Huseyin Melih Goktug Akpulat

CONTACT

+905067338440; melih.akpulat@gmail.com

Berrak Varhan

CONTACT

+905467696639; berrak.varhan@istinye.edu.tr

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: NONE
• Purpose: OTHER
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: MSc Physiotherapist

Model Details: Participants will be randomly assigned to one of two parallel groups: a flywheel training group or a traditional resistance training group. Each group will receive its assigned intervention for 8 weeks, and outcomes will be assessed before and after the intervention period.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: December 14, 2025
• First Posted: January 9, 2026
• Study Start: November 21, 2025
• Primary Completion: December 1, 2025
• Study Completion: March 31, 2026
• Last Updated: January 13, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-01

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)