"Income Level and Its Effect in Older Adults"

NCT07248293 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: Pamukkale U
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 223
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The aim of this study was to examine the effect of income level on cognitive function, pain, balance, lower extremity performance, gait, occupational competence, depression, and health-promoting behaviors in older adults.

Conditions

Older Adults (65 Years and Older)

Keywords

older adults

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (5)

• Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE):

  Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE): The Mini-Mental State Examination is a scale used to assess individuals' cognitive status. It evaluates attention, orientation, memory, the ability to follow verbal and written commands, spontaneous writing, and copying complex drawings. The total score is 30, with a cutoff point of 24; scores below 24 indicate cognitive impairment. The Turkish validity and reliability study was conducted by Güngen et al. in 2002

  10 minutes

• Hodkinson mental test

  The Hodkinson Mental Test was developed by H.M. Hodkinson in 1972 and is used to assess cognitive functions in older adults. The test consists of 10 questions in total, with each correct answer worth 1 point. Scores below 7 indicate cognitive impairment. The test can be completed in less than 5 minutes and is a short, easy-to-administer tool that does not include culturally specific questions .

  10 minutes

• Dominant Side Single-Leg Stance Test

  Dominant Side Single-Leg Stance Test: In this test, if the participant uses a walking aid, timing starts when they lift their dominant leg and release the aid; if not, timing begins when the dominant leg is lifted. The test ends when the foot touches the ground. If the participant can balance for more than 30 seconds, the test is completed. The duration is recorded in seconds. A result of less than 10 seconds indicates balance impairment, and less than 5 seconds indicates a risk of falling (17).

  1 minutes

• Sit-to-Stand Test

  Sit-to-Stand Test: The participant, seated on a standard 43 cm-high chair with arms crossed over the shoulders, is asked to stand up and sit down as quickly as possible for 30 seconds. The number of full stands completed is recorded.

  2 minutes

• Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES):

  Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES): The Modified Gait Efficacy Scale (MGES) is an adaptation of the original Gait Efficacy Scale (GES) used to assess an individual's confidence in walking safely and effectively. The MGES includes several questions measuring participants' confidence in various walking activities. These questions are typically answered on a Likert-type scale (e.g., 0 to 10), where 0 represents the lowest confidence and 10 represents the highest confidence (26).

  3 minutes

Secondary Outcomes (3)

• Geriatric Pain Scale

  5 minutes

• Yesavage Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) - Short Form:

  10 minutes

• Occupational Self Assessment (OSA) Scale:

  5 minutes

Study Arms (2)

minimum wage

Minimum Wage Group: The elderly in this group consist of older adults earning a minimum wage.

Other: Behavioral Treatment; Behavioral: behavioral

above minimum wage group

Above Minimum Wage Group: The elderly in this group consist of older adults whose income levels are above the minimum wage threshold.

Other: Behavioral Treatment; Behavioral: behavioral

Interventions

Behavioral Treatment OTHER

What makes this study different is that participants are categorized according to income levels, and detailed analyses are conducted between the subgroups.

above minimum wage group; minimum wage

behavioral BEHAVIORAL

The difference between this study and other studies is that in this study, the elderly are categorized according to their income levels.

above minimum wage group; minimum wage

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 65 Years - 85 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Probability Sample

Study Population

elderly

You may qualify if:

• Being 65 years of age or older
• Volunteering to participate in the study
• Elderly individuals scoring 6 or higher on the Hodkinson Mental Test

You may not qualify if:

• Elderly individuals who cannot communicate due to conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, dementia, or psychosis
• Having another chronic disease that may cause pain (rheumatic diseases, hemiplegia, multiple sclerosis, diabetes, etc.)
• Having a neurological disease (hemiplegia, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, vertigo, epilepsy, etc.)
• Being blind
• Having orthopedic, neurological, or mental disabilities

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Begüm AKAR: lead

Study Sites (1)

Pamukkale University

Pamukkale, Denizli, 20000, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

MeSH Terms

Interventions

Behavior Therapy

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Psychotherapy; Behavioral Disciplines and Activities

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: CASE CONTROL
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Principal investigator

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: November 18, 2025
• First Posted: November 25, 2025
• Study Start: January 1, 2025
• Primary Completion: August 15, 2025
• Study Completion: September 15, 2025
• Last Updated: November 25, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-11

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)