Warm-Up Music Tempo and Time-of-Day Effects on Anaerobic Performance in Young Female Volleyball Players

NCT07891858 | Completed

• 2 other identifiers: INONU-2024-6284TYL-2025-3831
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 13
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This study examined whether listening to music of different tempo during warm-up is associated with differences in acute jump performance, perceived exertion and handgrip strength in young female volleyball players, and whether these responses differ between morning and evening testing. Thirteen healthy female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years completed eight sessions. Each player performed a standardized 10-minute warm-up under four conditions: no music, music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, and music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute. Each condition was tested once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). The primary outcome was countermovement jump height. Secondary outcomes were jump-derived peak power, relative peak power, single-hand handgrip strength and rating of perceived exertion. Chronotype, subjective wellness, sleep quality and mood were assessed at baseline. Allocation was not randomized and the order of conditions was not documented at participant level, so the comparisons are descriptive and exploratory rather than causal.

Conditions

Anaerobic Performance; Athletic Performance; Warm-Up Music Tempo; Time-of-Day Effects

Keywords

music tempo; warm-up; vertical jump; anaerobic performance; time of day; circadian rhythm; volleyball; youth athletes; female athletes; perceived exertion; handgrip strength

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Height

  Countermovement jump height measured in centimetres after each warm-up condition and testing time; higher values indicate better jump performance. The jump-measurement device model, number of attempts, attempt-selection rule and inter-trial rest were not documented in the source records.

  Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

Secondary Outcomes (4)

• Jump-Derived Peak Power

  Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

• Relative Peak Power

  Immediately after the standardized 10-minute warm-up in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

• Single-Hand Handgrip Strength

  Immediately after the warm-up and jump testing in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

• Rating of Perceived Exertion

  Immediately after performance testing in each of the 8 study sessions, through study completion (up to 11 weeks)

Other Outcomes (4)

• Chronotype Score

  Baseline (before the first study session)

• Subjective Wellness

  Baseline (before the first study session)

• Sleep Quality

  Baseline (before the first study session)

Study Arms (4)

No Music Warm-Up

ACTIVE COMPARATOR

Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed without music, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Every participant completed this condition as well as the three music conditions; the order in which conditions were performed was not documented.

Behavioral: No Music Warm-Up

Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up (60 to 80 bpm)

EXPERIMENTAL

Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.

Behavioral: Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up

Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up (90 to 110 bpm)

EXPERIMENTAL

Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.

Behavioral: Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up

Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up (120 to 140 bpm)

EXPERIMENTAL

Standardized 10-minute warm-up performed with music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute, assessed once in the morning (08:00-10:00) and once in the evening (18:00-20:00). Playback tempo was not independently verified.

Behavioral: Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up

Interventions

No Music Warm-Up BEHAVIORAL

A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed without music.

No Music Warm-Up

Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up BEHAVIORAL

A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 60 to 80 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.

Low-Tempo Music Warm-Up (60 to 80 bpm)

Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up BEHAVIORAL

A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 90 to 110 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.

Moderate-Tempo Music Warm-Up (90 to 110 bpm)

Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up BEHAVIORAL

A standardized 10-minute warm-up performed while music labelled 120 to 140 beats per minute was played through a loudspeaker. Exact tracks, measured playback tempo and sound-pressure level were not documented, so the tempo band is a source label rather than an independently verified exposure.

Fast-Tempo Music Warm-Up (120 to 140 bpm)

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 10 Years - 14 Years
• Sex: female
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17)

You may qualify if:

• Female volleyball players aged 10 to 14 years.
• At least three years of regular volleyball training experience.
• Free from acute illness or musculoskeletal injury.
• Willing and able to attend all morning and evening testing sessions.
• Written informed assent or consent obtained from the participant.
• Written informed consent obtained from a parent or legal guardian.

You may not qualify if:

• Missing any testing session.
• Failure to follow the pre-test instructions.
• Sustaining an injury during the testing period.
• Acute illness or musculoskeletal injury affecting safe participation.
• Voluntary withdrawal from the study.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Inonu University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Inonu University

Malatya, 44280, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (4)

• Mirizio GG, Nunes RSM, Vargas DA, Foster C, Vieira E. Time-of-Day Effects on Short-Duration Maximal Exercise Performance. Sci Rep. 2020 Jun 11;10(1):9485. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-66342-w.

  PMID: 32528038 BACKGROUND

• Ouergui I, Jebabli A, Messaoudi H, Delleli S, Chtourou H, Bouassida A, Bouhlel E, Franchini E, Ardigo LP. The effects of tempo and loudness variations during warm-up with music on perceived exertion, physical enjoyment and specific performances in male and female taekwondo athletes. PLoS One. 2023 Apr 27;18(4):e0284720. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284720. eCollection 2023.

  PMID: 37104494 BACKGROUND

• Ballmann CG. The Influence of Music Preference on Exercise Responses and Performance: A Review. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol. 2021 Apr 8;6(2):33. doi: 10.3390/jfmk6020033.

  PMID: 33917781 BACKGROUND

• Terry PC, Karageorghis CI, Curran ML, Martin OV, Parsons-Smith RL. Effects of music in exercise and sport: A meta-analytic review. Psychol Bull. 2020 Feb;146(2):91-117. doi: 10.1037/bul0000216. Epub 2019 Dec 5.

  PMID: 31804098 BACKGROUND

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: NON RANDOMIZED
• Masking: NONE
• Masking Details: No masking was used. Participants and investigators were necessarily aware of the warm-up condition and of the testing time of day. All participants completed all four conditions (no music, 60 to 80 bpm, 90 to 110 bpm and 120 to 140 bpm), each assessed during morning and evening sessions.
• Purpose: BASIC SCIENCE
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Assoc. Prof. Dr.

Model Details: A single cohort of 13 female volleyball players completed a within-participant, open-label crossover protocol. Each participant completed all four warm-up music conditions (no music, 60 to 80 bpm, 90 to 110 bpm and 120 to 140 bpm), each tested in the morning and in the evening, giving eight sessions per participant. Allocation was not randomized. Participant-level session schedules, sequence-generation records and washout durations were not retained, so the order of conditions cannot be verified as counterbalanced and period effects cannot be separated from condition effects.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: July 5, 2026
• First Posted: October 23, 2026
• Study Start: January 15, 2025
• Primary Completion: March 31, 2025
• Study Completion: March 31, 2025
• Last Updated: October 23, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-10

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share
• Shared Documents: STUDY PROTOCOL, SAP, ICF
• Time Frame: Beginning after publication of the main study results and available for a reasonable period upon request.
• Access Criteria: Requests should be sent in writing to the corresponding author and must state the scientific question, the analysis plan and the requester's affiliation. Each request is reviewed by the responsible investigator and by Inonu University. Because all participants were minors, release requires ethical approval, an appropriate data-use agreement and full de-identification; the source workbook contains identifying information and will not be shared or deposited publicly.

Locations

TU (1)