The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Swimming Performance, Repeated Sprint Ability, and Cardiorespiratory and Physiological Adaptations in Swimmers With Disabilities.
Sponsor study identifier
interventional
24
1 country
1
Study Start
September 1, 2022
Actual (reported)Primary Completion
November 30, 2022
Actual (reported)Study Completion
December 15, 2022
Actual (reported)This study compared the effects of four weeks of reduced-volume high-intensity interval training and higher-volume moderate-intensity swimming training on repeated-sprint ability, physiological responses, and body composition in competitive para swimmers. Twenty-four national-level swimmers representing World Para Swimming sport classes S5-S10 and S14 were randomly allocated to one of the two training interventions by drawing sealed group assignments. Both groups completed two supervised sessions per week for four weeks. Repeated-sprint ability was assessed before and after the intervention using eight maximal 15-m freestyle sprints.
Registry-reported information. Elapsed time and enrollment totals alone do not measure study progress or recruitment pace.
December 15, 2022
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Dates and qualifiers reported by the registry. Estimated dates do not confirm that a milestone has occurred.
September 1, 2022
Actual (reported)November 30, 2022
Actual (reported)December 15, 2022
Actual (reported)September 24, 2026
Actual (reported)October 7, 2026
Actual (reported)Change in Total Sprint Time
Total sprint time, measured in seconds, was calculated as the sum of the eight 15-m maximal freestyle sprint times. Lower values indicate better overall repeated-sprint performance.
Baseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in Ideal Sprint Time
Ideal sprint time, measured in seconds, was calculated as the fastest single 15-m sprint time multiplied by eight. Lower values indicate better performance.
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in Performance Decrement
Performance decrement was calculated as \[(total sprint time / ideal sprint time) × 100\] - 100 and expressed as a percentage. Lower values indicate less performance loss across the eight sprint repetitions
Participants completed two supervised sessions per week for four weeks. The main training sets incorporated high-intensity or maximal swimming efforts and had approximately 50% less training volume than the main sets completed by the higher-volume group.
The active-comparator intervention lasted four weeks and included two supervised sessions per week. Participants completed 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle intervals at moderate intensity using the predefined work-to-recovery structure. Intensity was monitored using heart rate and rating of perceived exertion, targeting approximately 60%-75% of estimated maximum heart rate and ratings of 3-4 on the Borg CR10 scale. Main-set volume was approximately 50% greater than in the high-intensity intervention.
The intervention lasted four weeks and included two supervised sessions per week. Main-set activities included intermittent 50-m swims with short recovery intervals, 25-m all-out sprints using a 1:1 work-to-recovery ratio, and five 30-s tethered maximal efforts with 2 min 30 s of recovery between efforts. The precise session content progressed according to the predefined training schedule.
Athens Olympic Aquatic Centre (OAKA)
Athens, Attica, 15123, Greece
Mavropoulos A, Bersimis F, Ploumidou V, Koutsouki D, Kourtessis T, Soultanakis H. Effects of High-Intensity vs. High-Volume Training on Repeated Sprint Ability in Competitive Paraswimmers. Research Square. 2025. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-7419128/v1
24 participants (actual enrollment reported by the registry).
First Submitted
September 24, 2026
First Posted
October 7, 2026
Effects of an Acute Dose of Caffeine on the Performance of CrossFit Athletes
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in 50-m and 200-m Freestyle Performance
Swimming performance is evaluated by the time (in seconds) required to complete 50-m and 200-m maximal freestyle tests. Lower values indicate better performance.
Baseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in Stroke Rate
Stroke Rate (cycles/min) was assessed via video analysis during the swimming efforts.
Baseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Changes in Stroke Length
Stroke Length (m/cycle) was assessed via video analysis during the swimming efforts.
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in heart rate
Physiological markers were assessed pre- and post-exercise, including heart rate (beats/min).
Baseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in blood lactate concentration
Physiological markers were assessed pre- and post-exercise, including blood lactate concentration (mmol/L).
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in oxygen saturation
Physiological markers were assessed pre- and post-exercise, including oxygen saturation (%).
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in fatigue index
Physiological markers were assessed pre- and post-exercise, including the fatigue index.
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in VO2peak
Physiological markers were assessed pre- and post-exercise, including VO2peak.
Βaseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in body mass
Baseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
Change in body-fat percentage
Baseline and two days after the final training session at four weeks
The active-comparator intervention lasted four weeks and included two supervised sessions per week. Participants completed 50-, 100-, and 200-m freestyle intervals at moderate intensity using the predefined work-to-recovery structure. Intensity was monitored using heart rate and rating of perceived exertion, targeting approximately 60%-75% of estimated maximum heart rate and moderate intensity ratings (e.g., 3-4) on the Borg CR10 scale. Main-set volume was approximately 50% greater than in the high-intensity intervention.
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Study Start
September 1, 2022
Actual (reported)Primary Completion
November 30, 2022
Actual (reported)Study Completion
December 15, 2022
Actual (reported)Last Updated
October 7, 2026
Record last verified: 2026-09
Individual participant data are not planned for public release because the small sample size and detailed sport-class information may create a risk of participant re-identification. De-identified aggregate data and additional study information may be available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request and subject to ethical and institutional approval.
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov.
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