NCT07846072|Completed
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Sponsor study identifier
interventional
30
1 country
1
Study Start
March 15, 2020
Actual (reported)Primary Completion
May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)Study Completion
May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)This exploratory study examined whether different frequencies of consuming three fermented foods commonly eaten in Türkiye-kefir, tarhana, and mixed pickles-were associated with short-term changes in body measurements and psychological well-being in adults. Thirty adults aged 18 to 55 years were randomly assigned to one of three groups for four weeks. The control group followed an individualized dietary plan that excluded fermented foods. The lower-frequency group followed a similar dietary plan and consumed kefir, tarhana, and mixed pickles once per week. The higher-frequency group consumed kefir daily, tarhana four times per week, and mixed pickles three times per week. Body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, mid-upper arm circumference, estimated body fat measures, depressive symptoms, and general psychological distress were assessed at the beginning and end of the four-week intervention. The study was designed as an exploratory dietary intervention and did not have a prespecified primary outcome.
Registry-reported information. Elapsed time and enrollment totals alone do not measure study progress or recruitment pace.
May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)Click on a node to explore related trials.
Some registry-reported names shown below are not yet linked in this graph.
Dates and qualifiers reported by the registry. Estimated dates do not confirm that a milestone has occurred.
March 15, 2020
Actual (reported)May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)September 22, 2026
Actual (reported)September 29, 2026
Actual (reported)Depressive symptom severity assessed by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)
Depressive symptom severity was assessed using the 21-item Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). Each item is scored from 0 to 3, yielding a total score from 0 to 63. Higher total scores indicate greater depressive symptom severity. The BDI was administered at baseline and after the four-week dietary intervention. The original ethics application focused on depression and general health but did not formally classify outcomes as primary or secondary. For retrospective registration, depressive symptom severity assessed by the BDI is listed as the primary outcome because depression was the principal focus reflected in the original study title.
Baseline and Week 4
Body weight (kg)
Baseline and Week 4
Participants received an individualized dietary plan based on estimated daily energy and nutrient requirements. The dietary plan excluded fermented foods, and participants were instructed not to consume additional fermented foods or probiotic supplements during the four-week intervention.
Participants received an individualized dietary plan based on estimated daily energy and nutrient requirements. In addition to the base dietary plan, participants were instructed to consume one serving each of kefir, tarhana soup, and mixed pickles once per week for four weeks.
Participants followed an individualized dietary plan based on estimated daily energy and nutrient requirements for four weeks. Fermented foods were excluded from the dietary plan, and participants were instructed not to consume additional fermented foods or probiotic supplements during the intervention.
Participants followed an individualized dietary plan for four weeks with the addition of kefir, tarhana soup, and mixed pickles. Participants consumed one 200-mL serving of kefir once per week, one serving of tarhana soup once per week, and one 100-g serving of mixed pickles once per week. One serving of tarhana soup was prepared with 20 g of powdered tarhana, 200 mL of water, 5 g of olive oil, and 5 g of tomato paste.
Istanbul Medipol University
Istanbul, Fatih, 34083, Turkey (Türkiye)
Saadati S, Naseri K, Asbaghi O, Yousefi M, Golalipour E, de Courten B. Beneficial effects of the probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on anthropometric indices and body composition in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2024 Mar;25(3):e13667. doi: 10.1111/obr.13667. Epub 2023 Nov 29.
Balasubramanian R, Schneider E, Gunnigle E, Cotter PD, Cryan JF. Fermented foods: Harnessing their potential to modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis for mental health. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2024 Mar;158:105562. doi: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105562. Epub 2024 Jan 24.
Nihal Zekiye ERDEM
Medipol University
30 participants (actual enrollment reported by the registry).
First Submitted
September 22, 2026
First Posted
Body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²)
Baseline and Week 4
General psychological distress assessed by the General Health Questionnaire-28 (GHQ-28)
Baseline and Week 4
Waist circumference (cm)
Baseline and Week 4
Mid-upper arm circumference (cm)
Baseline and Week 4
Participants received an individualized dietary plan based on estimated daily energy and nutrient requirements. In addition to the base dietary plan, participants were instructed to consume kefir daily, tarhana soup four times per week, and mixed pickles three times per week for four weeks.
Participants followed an individualized dietary plan for four weeks with the addition of kefir, tarhana soup, and mixed pickles. Participants consumed one 200-mL serving of kefir daily, one serving of tarhana soup four times per week, and one 100-g serving of mixed pickles three times per week. One serving of tarhana soup was prepared with 20 g of powdered tarhana, 200 mL of water, 5 g of olive oil, and 5 g of tomato paste.
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Berding K, Vlckova K, Marx W, Schellekens H, Stanton C, Clarke G, Jacka F, Dinan TG, Cryan JF. Diet and the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: Sowing the Seeds of Good Mental Health. Adv Nutr. 2021 Jul 30;12(4):1239-1285. doi: 10.1093/advances/nmaa181.
Aslam H, Green J, Jacka FN, Collier F, Berk M, Pasco J, Dawson SL. Fermented foods, the gut and mental health: a mechanistic overview with implications for depression and anxiety. Nutr Neurosci. 2020 Sep;23(9):659-671. doi: 10.1080/1028415X.2018.1544332. Epub 2018 Nov 11.
Wastyk HC, Fragiadakis GK, Perelman D, Dahan D, Merrill BD, Yu FB, Topf M, Gonzalez CG, Van Treuren W, Han S, Robinson JL, Elias JE, Sonnenburg ED, Gardner CD, Sonnenburg JL. Gut-microbiota-targeted diets modulate human immune status. Cell. 2021 Aug 5;184(16):4137-4153.e14. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019. Epub 2021 Jul 12.
Marco ML, Sanders ME, Ganzle M, Arrieta MC, Cotter PD, De Vuyst L, Hill C, Holzapfel W, Lebeer S, Merenstein D, Reid G, Wolfe BE, Hutkins R. The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on fermented foods. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021 Mar;18(3):196-208. doi: 10.1038/s41575-020-00390-5. Epub 2021 Jan 4.
September 29, 2026
Study Start
March 15, 2020
Actual (reported)Primary Completion
May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)Study Completion
May 15, 2020
Actual (reported)Last Updated
September 29, 2026
Record last verified: 2026-09
De-identified individual participant data underlying the results reported in the study may be made available to qualified researchers upon reasonable request to the corresponding author, subject to review of the proposed use and applicable ethical and data-protection requirements.
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov.
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