Effects of Different Exercise Programs on Balance Performance and Gait Biomechanics in Children With Visual Impairment
Sponsor study identifier
interventional
75
1 country
1
Study Start
February 14, 2025
Actual (reported)Primary Completion
November 30, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Study Completion
December 25, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
This study looks at whether Reformer Pilates can help children and adolescents with visual impairment improve their balance, walking patterns, and muscle strength. Participants are between 10 and 17 years old. They are randomly placed into one of two groups: an exercise group or a control group. Those in the exercise group take part in 12 supervised Reformer Pilates sessions over 6 weeks, meeting twice a week. Those in the control group keep up with their usual daily activities and do not join the exercise program during this time. Before and after the 6-week period, researchers measure each participant's balance, walking patterns, and muscle strength. They then compare how much each group changed.
Registry-reported information. Elapsed time and enrollment totals alone do not measure study progress or recruitment pace.
December 25, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
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Dates and qualifiers reported by the registry. Estimated dates do not confirm that a milestone has occurred.
February 14, 2025
Actual (reported)August 24, 2026
Actual (reported)August 27, 2026
Actual (reported)November 30, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
December 25, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Static Balance Performance: Center of Pressure Sway Area
Center of Pressure Sway Area: Static balance performance is assessed using the TekScan pressure platform. Center of pressure (COP) sway area is measured during standardized quiet standing and expressed in square centimeters (cm²) and Higher values indicate greater postural sway.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Static Balance Performance: Center of Pressure Path Length
Center of pressure path length is measured using the TekScan pressure platform during quiet standing, representing the total displacement distance of the center of pressure, expressed in centimeters (cm).
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Static Balance Performance: Antero-posterior Center of Pressure Excursion
Anteroposterior center of pressure excursion is measured using the TekScan pressure platform during quiet standing, representing postural sway in the forward-backward direction, expressed in centimeters (cm).
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Muscle Strength: Isometric Knee Extensor Muscle Strength
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Muscle Strength: Isometric Knee Flexor Muscle Strength
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Trunk Muscle Endurance: Trunk Flexor Endurance
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Trunk Extensor Endurance
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Participants in this arm received a supervised Reformer Pilates exercise program twice weekly for 6 weeks, for a total of 12 sessions
Participants in this group receive a supervised vestibular balance exercise program for 6 weeks, consisting of 12 sessions (two sessions per week).
Participants in this arm attended a supervised Reformer Pilates program, held twice a week for six weeks (12 sessions in total). Sessions were structured around the Reformer apparatus and followed a progressive format, with exercise difficulty gradually increasing as participants advanced through the program.
Participants in this arm attended a supervised vestibular balance exercise program, held twice a week for six weeks (12 sessions in total). Exercises were performed under varying sensory conditions and progressed in difficulty as participants advanced through the program.
Türkan Sabancı Görme Engelliler Okulu
Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)
Selda Uzun, PhD
Marmara University
75 participants (actual enrollment reported by the registry).
First Submitted
August 24, 2026
First Posted
August 27, 2026
Study Start
February 14, 2025
Actual (reported)Effects of Multi Sensory Integration on Visual Impaired Children
Static Balance Performance: Mediolateral Center of Pressure Excursion
Medio-lateral center of pressure excursion is measured using the TekScan pressure platform during quiet standing, representing postural sway in the side-to-side direction, expressed in centimeters (cm).
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait - Spatiotemporal:Walking Speed
Walking speed is assessed using the iSen Inertial Motion Capture System by STT Systems (iSEN IMUs )during the walking test and it is expressed in meters per second (m/s).
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait - Spatiotemporal: Gait Cadence
Gait cadence is assessed using the iSen IMUs and it represents the average number of steps taken per minute during walking.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait - Spatiotemporal: Step Length and Stride Length During Gait
Step length and stride length are assessed using the iSEN IMU system during walking, expressed in meters (m). Step length represents the average distance between consecutive foot contacts of opposite feet and stride length represents the average distance between successive contacts of the same foot.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Pelvic Symmetry
Pelvic symmetry during gait is assessed using the iSEN IMUs and it is expressed as a percentage (%).
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait: Stance and Swing Phase Duration
During Gait Stance and swing phase durations are assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs. Stance phase represents the portion of the gait cycle during which the foot is in contact with the ground, and swing phase represents the portion during which the foot is not in contact with the ground. Values are recorded separately for the right and left limbs, expressed in seconds and as a percentage of the gait cycle.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait: Double Support Duration During Gait
Double support duration is assessed bilaterally using iSEN IMUs and represents the portion of the gait cycle during which both feet are concurrently in contact with the ground. Values are recorded separately for the right and left limbs, expressed as a percentage of the gait cycle.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Hip Flexion-Extension Angle During Gait
Hip flexion and extension angles during the gait cycle are assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs and expressed in degrees (º). Maximum hip flexion angle and minimum hip extension angle are recorded separately for the right and left limbs.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Hip Flexion-Extension Range of Motion During Gait
Hip flexion-extension range of motion during the gait cycle is assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs and expressed in degrees (º),it is recorded separately for the right and left limbs.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Knee Flexion-Extension Angle During Gait
Knee flexion and extension angles during the gait cycle are assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs and expressed in degrees (º). Maximum knee flexion angle and minimum knee extension angle are recorded separately for the right and left limbs.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Knee Flexion-Extension Range of Motion During Gait
Knee flexion-extension range of motion during the gait cycle is assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs and expressed in degrees (º), recorded separately for the right and left limbs.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Ankle Dorsiflexion-Plantarflexion Angle During Gait
Ankle dorsiflexion and plantarflexion angles during the gait cycle are assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs and expressed in degrees (º). Maximum dorsiflexion angle and minimum plantarflexion angle are recorded separately for the right and left limbs.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Ankle Dorsiflexion-Plantarflexion Range of Motion During Gait
Ankle dorsiflexion-plantarflexion range of motion during the gait cycle is assessed bilaterally using the iSEN IMUs system and expressed in degrees (º), it is recorded separately for the right and left limbs.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Pelvic Tilt Angle During Gait
Maximum posterior and anterior pelvic tilt angles during the gait cycle are assessed using the iSEN IMUs inertial measurement unit system and expressed in degrees (º), recorded separately as posterior tilt and anterior tilt values.
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Gait Kinematics: Pelvic Tilt Range of Motion
Pelvic tilt range of motion during the gait cycle is assessed using the iSEN IMUs , representing the combined anterior (posterior tilt) and interior (anterior tilt) excursion, expressed in degrees (º).
Baseline and post-intervention at Week 6
Participants in this arm continued their usual daily activities and did not receive either of the study exercise programs during the study period.
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Primary Completion
November 30, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Study Completion
December 25, 2026
EstimatedPlanned date reported by the registry; this milestone is not confirmed as achieved.
Last Updated
September 2, 2026
Record last verified: 2026-08
Individual participant data will not be made available to other researchers. Because the study population consists of children, data sharing is restricted in line with the permission obtained from the Provincial Directorate of National Education. Study results will only be presented in aggregate form, without any information that could identify individual participants.
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Source: ClinicalTrials.gov.
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