Turkish Validation of the 9-Item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

NCT07673159 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: TBAEK-613/03.07.2025
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 90
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This observational methodological study aims to evaluate the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-9) in individuals with chronic spinal pain. Chronic spinal pain is commonly associated with fear of movement, avoidance behavior, pain catastrophizing, and disability. Therefore, a short and practical Turkish measurement tool may be useful for both clinical assessment and research. Participants with chronic neck or low back pain will complete self-report questionnaires, including the Turkish TSK-9, the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Fear-Avoidance Components Scale, and the Numeric Pain Rating Scale. The Turkish TSK-9 will be administered again 7 days after the first assessment in a subgroup of participants to evaluate test-retest reliability. No intervention, invasive procedure, clinical test, or laboratory test will be performed. Data will be collected online using Google Forms.

Conditions

Chronic Spinal Pain

Keywords

validity; reliability; kinesiophobia; chronic pain

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Turkish version 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia

  The Turkish 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-9) is a self-report questionnaire used to assess fear of movement and reinjury in individuals with pain. The scale consists of 9 items and two domains: activity avoidance and somatic focus. Each item is scored on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 4 (strongly agree). The activity avoidance domain includes 5 items and ranges from 5 to 20 points. The somatic focus domain includes 4 items and ranges from 4 to 16 points. Higher scores indicate greater kinesiophobia.

  Baseline and 7 days

Secondary Outcomes (4)

• Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire

  Baseline

• Pain Catastrophizing Scale

  Baseline

• Fear-Avoidance Components Scale

  Baseline

• Numeric Pain Rating Scale

  Baseline

Study Arms (1)

Patient with chronic spinal pain

Other: Questionnaire-based assessment

Interventions

Questionnaire-based assessment OTHER

Participants will complete self-report questionnaires, including the Turkish 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire, Pain Catastrophizing Scale, Fear-Avoidance Components Scale, and Numeric Pain Rating Scale. The Turkish 9-item Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia will be administered again 7 days after the first assessment in a subgroup of participants to evaluate test-retest reliability. No treatment, invasive procedure, clinical test, or laboratory test will be performed.

Patient with chronic spinal pain

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 65 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study population will consist of adults aged 18 to 65 years with chronic spinal pain, including chronic neck or low back pain lasting longer than 3 months. Participants will be recruited online through social media announcements and will complete the study questionnaires using Google Forms. Eligible participants will be individuals who report a pain intensity score of 3 or higher on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale and who are able to read and understand Turkish.

You may qualify if:

• Being between 18 and 65 years of age
• Having chronic spinal pain lasting longer than 3 months
• Having neck or low back pain
• Having a self-reported pain intensity score of 3 or higher on the Numeric Pain Rating Scale
• Volunteering to participate in the study
• Being able to read and understand Turkish

You may not qualify if:

• History of spinal surgery
• History of vertebral fracture
• Diagnosis of radiculopathy and/or disc herniation with neurological involvement
• Use of analgesic medication within the last 7 days
• History of cancer
• Self-reported serious neurological disease
• Self-reported serious psychiatric disease

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Akdeniz University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Akdeniz University

Antalya, Konyaaltı, 07070, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (3)

• Pontes-Silva A, Dibai-Filho AV, Costa de Jesus SF, Santos de Oliveira LA, Bassi-Dibai D, Fidelis de Paula Gomes CA, Avila MA. The best structure of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia for patients with chronic low back pain has two domains and nine items. Clin Rehabil. 2023 Mar;37(3):407-414. doi: 10.1177/02692155221128829. Epub 2022 Sep 21.

  PMID: 36128900 BACKGROUND

• Morais DN, Pontes-Silva A, Barreto FS, Pinheiro JS, Oliveira LAS, Bassi-Dibai D, Fidelis-de-Paula-Gomes CA, Avila MA, Dibai-Filho AV. The 9-item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-9) has adequate measurement properties in patients with chronic low back pain. Clin Rehabil. 2025 Apr;39(4):486-492. doi: 10.1177/02692155251315060. Epub 2025 Jan 28.

  PMID: 39871687 BACKGROUND

• Kikuchi N, Matsudaira K, Sawada T, Oka H. Psychometric properties of the Japanese version of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK-J) in patients with whiplash neck injury pain and/or low back pain. J Orthop Sci. 2015 Nov;20(6):985-92. doi: 10.1007/s00776-015-0751-3. Epub 2015 Jul 23.

  PMID: 26201395 BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Kinesiophobia; Chronic Pain

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Phobic Disorders; Anxiety Disorders; Mental Disorders; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: OTHER
• Time Perspective: PROSPECTIVE
• Target Duration: 7 Days
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Head of the department

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: June 23, 2026
• First Posted: June 29, 2026
• Study Start: May 17, 2025
• Primary Completion: May 30, 2026
• Study Completion: June 5, 2026
• Last Updated: June 29, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-06

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)