The Role of Smoking in Periodontal Status

NCT07295756 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: BAIBU-DH-TS-05
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 484
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

484 patients were asked whether they currently smoked and whether they had smoked 100 or more cigarettes during their lifetime. Based on this information, they were divided into two groups: current smokers (test group, n=242) and non-smokers (control group, n=242). Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking. In contrast, non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking. Participants were also asked about the number of cigarettes smoked per day and the duration of smoking in years, and pack-years were calculated accordingly. Plaque index, gingival index, probing depth, bleeding on probing, gingival recession, and attachment loss were evaluated for both groups. Periodontal health status (Periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis) was assessed by one clinician applying the 2017 World Workshop on Classifying Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions and the 2023 European Federation of Periodontology's Guidelines. Patients with periodontitis were classified according to stage and grade. This measurement was obtained via a calibrated UNC-15 periodontal probe at each tooth.

Conditions

Periodontal Diseases

Keywords

periodontal diseases; periodontitis; smoking; gingivitis; tabocco products

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• periodontal pocket depth

  Periodontal pocket depth measured in millimeters using a Williams periodontal probe. The distance from the gingival margin to the bottom of the periodontal pocket was recorded at each site.

  Baseline

Secondary Outcomes (7)

• bleeding on probing

  Baseline

• plaque index

  Baseline

• gingival index

  Baseline

• clinical attachment level

  Baseline

• Daily cigarette

  Baseline

Study Arms (2)

Smoker

Current smokers were defined as individuals who had smoked ≥100 cigarettes in their lifetime and continued smoking.

Other: Intervention

Non-smoker

Non-smokers included individuals who had smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime and were not currently smoking.

Other: Intervention

Interventions

Intervention OTHER

The patient's daily cigarette consumption, duration of smoking, and pack-years were evaluated.

Also known as: Smoking

Non-smoker; Smoker

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 65 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The study includes patients who are smokers and those who are non-smokers.

You may qualify if:

• Age 18 years or older
• No systemic diseases that could affect periodontal or general health
• No history of periodontal treatment within the past six months
• For the non-smoker group: abstinence from smoking for at least five years

You may not qualify if:

• Use of antibiotics or anti-inflammatory drugs
• Pregnant or lactating women
• Diabetes mellitus
• Use of waterpipe or chewing tobacco (for the smoker group)
• Individuals undergoing chemotherapy or radiotherapy

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Tuğba ŞAHİN: lead

Study Sites (1)

Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Dentistry Faculty

Bolu, 14030, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Periodontal Diseases; Periodontitis; Smoking; Gingivitis

Interventions

Methods; Smoking Devices

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Mouth Diseases; Stomatognathic Diseases; Behavior; Infections; Gingival Diseases

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Investigative Techniques; Manufactured Materials; Technology, Industry, and Agriculture

Study Officials

• TUGBA SAHIN

  Abant Izzet Baysal University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: OTHER
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Assistant professor

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: November 18, 2025
• First Posted: December 22, 2025
• Study Start: January 2, 2025
• Primary Completion: September 15, 2025
• Study Completion: October 2, 2025
• Last Updated: December 22, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-12

Locations

TU (1)