Pain and Health Beliefs in Rehabilitation Outpatients

NCT07199647 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: 2024-GOKAEK-2415_2024.12.18_29
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 116
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the relationships between patients' pain beliefs, health beliefs about complementary and alternative medicine, and levels of spiritual well-being in a Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic. Adult participants between 18 and 65 years of age were enrolled. Standardized questionnaires were used to evaluate psychological status, pain-related beliefs, attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine, and spiritual well-being. The study aimed to contribute to holistic pain management approaches by integrating psychological, spiritual, and health belief perspectives.

Conditions

Chronic Pain; Musculoskeletal Diseases

Keywords

Pain Beliefs; Spiritual Well-Being; Complementary and Alternative Medicine; Health Beliefs; Rehabilitation; Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; Outpatients; Anxiety; Depression; Rehabilitation outpatients

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Pain Beliefs Questionnaire

  Description: The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire was developed in 1992 by Edwards and colleagues. It contains 12 items. Six items assess organic pain beliefs (score range: 6-30) and four items assess psychological pain beliefs (score range: 4-20). Participants rate each item using a Likert-type scale from 1 to 5. Higher scores on the organic subscale indicate stronger beliefs in an organic cause of pain (considered maladaptive), while higher scores on the psychological subscale indicate stronger beliefs in a psychological origin of pain (considered more adaptive).

  At enrollment

• Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale

  Description: The Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale was developed in 2017 by Eksi and Kardas. It contains 29 items with three subscales: transcendence (11 items, score range: 11-55), harmony with nature (6 items, score range: 6-30), and anomie (12 items, score range: 12-60; reverse-scored). Items are rated on a 5-point Likert scale. The total score ranges from 29 to 145. Higher total scores indicate greater levels of spiritual well-being (a better outcome).

  At enrollment

• Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health Belief Scale

  This scale was developed in 2004 by Lie and Boker. It contains 10 items. Each item is scored on a seven-point Likert scale. Three of the items are reverse-scored. The total score ranges from 10 to 70. Higher scores indicate stronger health beliefs related to complementary and alternative medicine. The scale does not have a cut-off score.

  At enrollment

Secondary Outcomes (2)

• Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale

  At enrollment

• Complementary, Alternative, and Conventional Medicine Attitude Scale

  At enrollment

Study Arms (1)

Rehabilitation Outpatients

Adult patients (18-65 years) attending a university hospital Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic. Participants were evaluated once using self-report questionnaires and scales

Other: Questionnaire Administration

Interventions

Questionnaire Administration OTHER

Participants completed a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, the Pain Beliefs Questionnaire, the Complementary, Alternative, and Conventional Medicine Attitude Scale, the Complementary and Alternative Medicine Health Belief Scale, and the Three-Factor Spiritual Well-Being Scale.

Rehabilitation Outpatients

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 65 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Adult patients aged 18 to 65 years who attended the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic of a university hospital in Türkiye.

You may qualify if:

• Adults between 18 and 65 years of age
• Attending the Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation outpatient clinic
• Able to read and write
• Cognitively intact
• Voluntarily willing to participate and able to provide informed consent

You may not qualify if:

• Younger than 18 years or older than 65 years
• Illiterate individuals
• Individuals with cognitive impairment
• Individuals with communication difficulties
• Patients who declined to participate or had incomplete data

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Gulseren Demir Karakilic: lead

Study Sites (1)

Yozgat Bozok University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation

Yozgat, Yozgat, 66100, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (8)

• Uslu, F. (2020). Geleneksel ve tamamlayıcı tıp (getat) sağlık inanış anketinin türkçe geçerlilik ve güvenilirlik çalışması. (Uzmanlık Tezi). Sağlık Bilimleri Üniversitesi Ankara Dışkapı Yıldırım Beyazıt Sağlık Uygulama ve Araştırma Merkezi Aile Hekimliği Kliniği, Ankara. https://tez.yok.gov.tr/UlusalTezMerkezi/ sayfasından erişilmiştir. (Tez Numarası 644233).

  BACKGROUND

• Elif, K. Ö. S. E., Hasan Çetin Ekerbiçer, and Ünal Erkorkmaz. "Complementary, alternative and conventional medicine attitude scale: Turkish validity reliability study." Sakarya Tıp Dergisi 8.4 (2018): 726-736.

  BACKGROUND

• Hyland ME, Lewith GT, Westoby C. Developing a measure of attitudes: the holistic complementary and alternative medicine questionnaire. Complement Ther Med. 2003 Mar;11(1):33-8. doi: 10.1016/s0965-2299(02)00113-9.

  PMID: 12667973 BACKGROUND

• Edwards LC, Pearce SA, Turner-Stokes L, Jones A. The Pain Beliefs Questionnaire: an investigation of beliefs in the causes and consequences of pain. Pain. 1992 Dec;51(3):267-272. doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90209-T.

  PMID: 1491853 BACKGROUND

• Aydemir, O. J. T. P. D: Hastane Anksiyete ve Depresyon Ölçeği Türkçe Formunun Geçerlilik ve Güvenilirliği. Türk Psikiyatri Dergisi, 8, 187-280, 1997.

  BACKGROUND

• Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983 Jun;67(6):361-70. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.

  PMID: 6880820 BACKGROUND

• Okan N, Kose N, Kardas S. Spiritual Contradiction Scale: A New Way of Understanding Internal and External Contradictions. J Relig Health. 2024 Apr;63(2):1567-1584. doi: 10.1007/s10943-023-01924-2. Epub 2023 Oct 11.

  PMID: 37819529 BACKGROUND

• Berk HO, Bahadir G. [The experience of chronic pain and pain beliefs]. Agri. 2007 Oct;19(4):5-15. Turkish.

  PMID: 18159574 BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Chronic Pain; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Anxiety Disorders; Depression

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Mental Disorders; Behavioral Symptoms; Behavior

Study Officials

• Gülseren Demir Karakılıç, Asst Prof

  Yozgat Bozok University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: CASE ONLY
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Target Duration: 1 Day
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Assistant Professor, Principal Investigator

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: September 22, 2025
• First Posted: September 30, 2025
• Study Start: December 19, 2024
• Primary Completion: June 30, 2025
• Study Completion: June 30, 2025
• Last Updated: October 3, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-09

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share
• Shared Documents: STUDY PROTOCOL, SAP, ICF
• Time Frame: De-identified individual participant data and supporting documents will be available beginning 6 months after publication of the study results and will remain available for 5 years.
• Access Criteria: De-identified individual participant data and supporting documents will be available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author for academic and research purposes only. Requests will be reviewed by the study investigators, and data will be shared via secure electronic transfer in accordance with institutional and ethical guidelines.

Locations

TU (1)