Cognitive-Based Balance Exercises on the Shooting Performance of Archers

NCT07070427 | Active Not Recruiting

• 1 other identifier: 1301MA-001
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 30
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The aim of this treatment study is to determine the effects of cognitive-based balance exercises on archers' shooting performance. The study focuses on archers and examines the effects of cognitive-based dynamic and static balance exercises on shooting accuracy. In this context, the main questions that the study aims to answer are as follows:

• Cognitive-based balance exercises applied to archers have no effect on shooting performance.
• Cognitive-based balance exercises applied to archers have an effect on shooting performance. The researchers will evaluate the effects of the interventions on shooting performance by comparing the performance differences between archers who apply cognitive-based balance exercises and archers who only do balance exercises. Participants:
• The control group will apply various balance exercises during the 12-week training period. The study group will apply cognitive-based balance exercises.
• They will be subjected to performance tests that evaluate static balance, dynamic balance and shooting accuracy.

Conditions

Archery; Cognitive Performance; Balance Training

Keywords

shooting performance; static balance; dynamic balance; cognitive

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (7)

• Static and Dynamic Balance Exercise Training

  Duration and Type of Static and Dynamic Balance Exercises Using BOSU Balance Ball (minutes) Static and dynamic balance exercises were performed using the BOSU balance ball to enhance proprioception. Exercises included maintaining balance for 30 seconds with eyes open or closed in various positions: static standing with one foot crossed over the other, single-leg standing, gliding stance, double-foot tiptoe rise, and multi-directional reaching while balancing on one foot (right and left) on the BOSU ball. This training protocol was applied to both the control and experimental groups.

  5-6 minutes

• Evaluation of Dynamic Balance:

  Y-Balance Test Reach Distance (centimeter) Description: Dynamic balance was assessed by measuring the maximum reach distance (in centimeters) during the Y-Balance Test at baseline and after 12 weeks of training.

  5 minutes

• Evaluation of Static Balance

  Standing Stork Test Duration (seconds) Description: Static balance was evaluated by measuring the duration (in seconds) participants were able to maintain a one-legged stance during the Standing Stork Test at baseline and post-intervention.

  5 minutes

• Dual Task Training

  Performance on Cognitive Tasks During Balance Exercises (e.g., counting backwards, reverse recitation) Participants in the study group performed cognitive tasks simultaneously with balance exercises. Tasks included counting backwards by 7 while standing statically, reciting months in reverse while standing on one leg, stating the preceding number when given a number between 1 and 100 during tandem stance, listing days of the week in reverse while standing on tiptoe, and naming 5 words starting with a given letter while reaching in multiple directions on one leg.

  10 minutes

• Evaluation of Shooting Performance

  Total Archery Performance Score (points scored in 5 sets of 3 arrows at 18 meters) Archery performance was measured by the total points scored when participants shot 5 sets of 3 arrows at a target 18 meters away. Assessments were conducted at baseline and after 12 weeks of balance training.ce training.

  5 minutes

• Evaulation of Joint Position Sense

  Mean Angular Error in Shoulder Joint Position Reproduction Test (degrees) Shoulder joint position sense was assessed using a passive position-reproduction test with a digital clinometer. Participants were passively positioned at predetermined angles and asked to actively replicate the position with eyes closed. Angular deviations (in degrees) from the target position were recorded. Measurements were taken for shoulder flexion, abduction (standing), and external/internal rotation at 90° abduction (supine). The mean error was calculated based on three repetitions for each movement. Tests were performed by two independent assessors on the same day to ensure reliability.

  3 minutes

• Evaluation of Bilateral Deficit

  Percentage Bilateral Deficit in Maximal Isometric Grip Strength (%) Bilateral deficit of upper extremity muscle strength was assessed using a digital hand dynamometer. Participants performed three maximal isometric grip trials with each hand separately and three simultaneous bilateral maximal isometric grip trials. The bilateral deficit (%) was calculated using the formula: Bilateral Deficit (%) = ((Right Hand + Left Hand) - Bilateral Force) / (Right Hand + Left Hand) × 100. Positive values indicate bilateral deficit; negative values indicate bilateral facilitation.

  2 minutes

Study Arms (2)

Interventions

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants performed balance exercises twice a week for 12 weeks using the BOSU balance ball. The exercises included static and dynamic balance tasks. Additionally, during dual-task training, cognitive tasks such as counting backwards, naming months and days of the week in reverse order, and identifying numerical differences were incorporated alongside balance exercises. Archery performance was assessed by shooting 5 sets of 3 arrows at a target from a distance of 18 meters, both before and after the intervention.

Other: Exercise

Control

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants performed the same balance exercises twice a week for 12 weeks using the BOSU balance ball, focusing on static and dynamic balance tasks without additional cognitive tasks. Archery performance was evaluated in the same manner as the experimental group, shooting 5 sets of 3 arrows at a target 18 meters away, before and after the training period.

Other: Exercise

Interventions

Exercise OTHER

Cognitive-based balance exercises.

Control; Interventions

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 45 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Being a licensed archery athlete,
• Having been practicing archery for at least 2 years,
• Participating in a training program at least 2 days a week,
• Using a compound bow,
• Being between the ages of 18-45.

You may not qualify if:

• Having any diagnosed lung, cardiovascular, neurological, systemic and orthopedic disease,
• Receiving conservative or surgical treatment after trauma in the upper and lower extremities,
• Having had a musculoskeletal injury within the last year,
• Using corticosteroids or any other medication,
• Having a psychological dysfunction.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Cyprus International University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Cyprus International University

Mersin, Lefkosa, 99040, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Links

• On-target trajectories and the final pull in archery
• Dynamic stretching is effective as static stretching at increasing flexibility
• Postural Sway Distinguishes Shooting Accuracy among Skilled Recurve Archers
• Anthropometric And Physical Fitness Components Comparison between High- And Low-Performance Archers
• Sensorimotor System Measurement Techniques
• Comparison of Modular Control of Trunk Muscle by Japanese Archery Competitive Level: A Pilot Study
• Biomechanics Measurements in Archery
• Proprioception and balance training can improve amateur soccer players' technical skills
• Correlation among proprioception, muscle strength, and balance
• https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29097947/
• Age-related shift in neural complexity related to task performance and physical activity
• The Effects of Physical Exercise and Cognitive Training on Memory and Neurotrophic Factors
• Balance Expertise Is Associated with Superior Spatial Perspective-Taking Skills
• Training effects on motor-cognitive dual-task performance in older adults
• Injury History, Sex, and Performance on the Functional Movement Screen and Y Balance Test
• The Relationship Between Maximum Unilateral Squat Strength and Balance in Young Adult Men and Women
• Target Archery \| World Archery. https://worldarchery.org/TargetArchery#INDOOR. Accessed May 11, 2020.

MeSH Terms

Interventions

Exercise

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Motor Activity; Movement; Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena; Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena

Study Officials

• Sema ÖZDEN ACARÖZ, Msc

  Cyprus International University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT
• Purpose: TREATMENT
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: May 9, 2025
• First Posted: July 17, 2025
• Study Start: February 15, 2023
• Primary Completion: September 10, 2025
• Study Completion: September 23, 2025
• Last Updated: September 2, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-08

Locations

TU (1)