Comparison of the Effectiveness of Two Different Squat Exercises in Healthy Individuals

NCT06843785 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: Uskudar23
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 57
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The aim of our study is to compare the effects of two different squatting patterns, with and without the knees passing the toes, on low back pain, muscle strength and balance.

Conditions

Balance; Distorted; Low Back Pain

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Oswestry Disability Index

  It was developed to evaluate the degree of loss of function in low back pain. Items question pain severity, self-care, lifting and carrying loads, walking, sitting, standing, sleeping, degree of pain change, travel and social life. Under each item there are six statements in which the patient ticks the one appropriate to his/her situation. The first statement is scored as "0" and the sixth statement is scored as "5". When the total score is calculated, it is multiplied by two and expressed as a percentage. The maximum score is "100" and the minimum score is "0". As the total score increases, the disability level also increases.

  8 weeks

• Y balance test

  The test is a practical functional test that can predict dynamic balance and postural stability. The player's performance improves with balance, flexibility, coordination and power integration. For this test, players stand in the center of a 'Y' shaped arrangement with 3 lines drawn at certain angles. The players are asked to reach in anterior, posterolateral and posteromedial directions using one foot. Three applications are made in each direction and the average of the reach distances is recorded in centimeters. Pre-measured leg length is used to normalize the mean score of these three treatments. Percentage of maximum reach = deflection distance/leg length. Leg length; Spina iliaca anterior superior to the distal point of the medial malleolus. To obtain an overall measure of the Y Balance Test, data from all directions must be averaged to calculate the composite score.

  8 weeks

• International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form

  This questionnaire is a standardized tool for measuring physical activity, developed by researchers from various countries with the support of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Centers for Disease Control (CDC). Questionnaire, four areas of physical activity; It covers work, transportation, housework/gardening, and leisure activities, but also includes questions about time spent sitting as an indicator of inactivity. In each of the four areas, the energy expended in moderate and vigorous activities in the last 7 days, the number of days the activities were performed, and the number of activities performed during the day are recorded. The times are multiplied by the Metabolic Equivalent (MET) values per activity, and the results for all items are added to form the overall physical activity score. The question about sitting is not included in the physical activity score. Classification is made in three categories as physically inactive (3000 MET min/week).

  8 weeks

Study Arms (3)

knee past toes squat

EXPERIMENTAL

A squatting program with the desired characteristics will be applied

Other: Squat with knees over toes

control

ACTIVE COMPARATOR

no intervention will be applied

Other: control

knee not past toes squat

EXPERIMENTAL

A squatting program with the desired characteristics will be applied

Other: Squat where the knee does not pass the toes

Interventions

Squat with knees over toes OTHER

Participants are instructed to stand comfortably with feet pelvis-width apart and approximately 15-30° to the side with arms extended in front of them. Participants are asked to squat to their most comfortable point, looking straight ahead, without heels leaving the floor, and to hold the position for 2 seconds before returning to the original standing position. The distance between the hips and the floor is measured vertically using a ruler for squat depth. Three trials are performed and the average of the three trials is used for further analysis.

knee past toes squat

Squat where the knee does not pass the toes OTHER

In the limited squat exercise, the position of the most anterior part of the knee is not allowed to extend beyond the toes. In the limited squat exercise, a wooden board is placed just distal to the first toe of each foot, and the 60 cm wide wooden board restricts knee movement. Participants are instructed to stand comfortably with their feet pelvis-width apart and approximately 15-30° to the side, and their arms extended in front of them. Participants are asked to squat to 90° of knee flexion, looking straight ahead, without the heels leaving the floor, and to hold the position for 2 seconds, then return to the original standing position. Squat depth is determined by measuring 90° of knee flexion using a goniometer placed on the knee and measured vertically between the hip and the floor using a ruler. Three trials are performed, and the average of the three trials is used for further analysis.

knee not past toes squat

control OTHER

Participants will not be subjected to any intervention and will not be asked to perform any action.

control

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 30 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Being between the ages of 18-30,
• According to International Physical Activity Questionnaire - Short Form Being physically active
• Not having any psychological, neurological, orthopedic and rheumatic disorders,
• Not having a history of fractures or surgeries affecting the lower extremities in the last year,
• Being able to do at least one traditional squat exercise

You may not qualify if:

• Being pregnant or suspected of being pregnant
• Knee valgus diagnosis
• Pes planus or pes cavus diagnosis in the foot
• Hip rotation diagnosis
• Strength deficit between two extremities
• A history of acute osteoarthritis in the knee
• Regular medication use or use of NSAIDs and similar disease-modifying drugs in the last month
• Intra-articular injection (hyaluronic acid/steroid) application in the last 6 months
• Having a comorbid disease that contraindicates exercise (advanced osteoporosis, vertigo, neurological diseases, etc.)

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Uskudar University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Bahçeşehir Universtiy

Istanbul, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (3)

• Slater LV, Hart JM. Muscle Activation Patterns During Different Squat Techniques. J Strength Cond Res. 2017 Mar;31(3):667-676. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000001323.

  PMID: 26808843 BACKGROUND

• Desai I, Marshall PW. Acute effect of labile surfaces during core stability exercises in people with and without low back pain. J Electromyogr Kinesiol. 2010 Dec;20(6):1155-62. doi: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2010.08.003.

  PMID: 20801670 BACKGROUND

• Kararti C, Ozsoy I, Ozyurt F, Basat HC, Ozsoy G, Ozudogru A. The effects of dynamic neuromuscular stabilization approach on clinical outcomes in older patients with chronic nonspecific low back pain: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Somatosens Mot Res. 2023 Sep;40(3):116-125. doi: 10.1080/08990220.2023.2191705. Epub 2023 Mar 24.

  PMID: 36964655 BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Low Back Pain

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Back Pain; Pain; Neurologic Manifestations; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Study Officials

• Amirkiya Movahhedi

  Bahçeşehir University

  STUDY CHAIR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: TRIPLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT, INVESTIGATOR, OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Purpose: TREATMENT
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Asst. Prof. Dr.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: February 19, 2025
• First Posted: February 25, 2025
• Study Start: March 1, 2025
• Primary Completion: May 1, 2025
• Study Completion: May 15, 2025
• Last Updated: June 15, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-06

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)