Exploring the Synergistic Effects of Virtual Reality and Retrogressive Imagery on Basketball Free Throw Performance and Self-efficacy Among University Students: A Randomized Controlled Trial

NCT06565533 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: USM/JEPeM/22050298
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 45
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This research contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of mental training techniques in sports. By demonstrating the effectiveness of RETI and VR in improving FT performance and FTSE, this study provides valuable insights for coaches, athletes, and sports psychologists.

Conditions

RETI; VR; FTSE

Keywords

RETI; VR; FTSE; university students

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (2)

• Free Throw (FT) Shooting Performance

  Free throw (FT) are a closed skill technique used for scoring points under practice, field study, or game conditions. Testing was conducted before, during, and after the intervention. FTs are typically awarded to players who are fouled while shooting, and the player takes the shot from behind the FT line, which is 15 feet away from the basket. Each successful FT is worth one point. In this study, to measure shooting accuracy more precisely, we employed the following scoring system: a shot that goes through the basket without touching the rim scores 3 points; a shot that goes in after hitting the rim scores 2 points; a shot that hits the rim but does not go in scores 1 point; and a complete miss scores 0 points. Each testing session comprised two sets of 10 FT shots, with a 15-minute rest period between the sets. The total score for each testing session was calculated by summing the scores from the two sets of 10 shots, resulting in a possible range of 0 to 60.

  week 8

• Free throw shooting self-efficacy (FTSE)

  We utilized the Free-Throw Self-Efficacy (FTSE) scale developed by Fazel (2015) to measure participants' self-efficacy in basketball free-throw shooting, following the microanalytic technique guidelines proposed by Bandura (2006). Participants were asked to imagine taking 10 consecutive free throw and to rate their confidence in successfully making each of these shots. Specifically, they were asked to indicate how certain they were that they could successfully make 1 out of 10, 2 out of 10, and so on, up to 10 out of 10 free throw. Participants rated their confidence on a scale from 0 (completely uncertain) to 10 (very certain).

  week 8

Study Arms (2)

Retrogressive imagery (RETI)

EXPERIMENTAL

RETI protocol was implemented over eight weeks, gradually simplifying the imagery script to focus on essential aspects of the free-throw (FT) shooting technique.

Behavioral: Retrogressive imagery (RETI); Behavioral: Virtual Reality (VR)

Virtual Reality (VR)

EXPERIMENTAL

Using Virtual Reality (VR) technology, participants are fully immersed in an intense basketball game experience.

Behavioral: Retrogressive imagery (RETI); Behavioral: Virtual Reality (VR)

Interventions

Retrogressive imagery (RETI) BEHAVIORAL

Week 1-2: Participants were asked to imagine a complete version of the FT imagery script included: a) Visualizing the court lines, the basket, and themselves standing at the free-throw line, focusing on their shooting technique. b) Imagining teammates and opponents positioned around the key, noting the main colors in the scene c) Imagining the coach standing on the sideline encouraging them, and paying attention to the sounds of the audience and the cheers from a close friend in the stands. d) Visualizing a high-pressure situation, experiencing the emotions felt during a real game with one second left on the clock, trailing by one point, with the game's outcome depending on their FT shot. Week 3-4: The exception of content "d"from the full script. Week 5-6: The exception of content "c""d"from the full script. Week 7-8: The exception of content "b""c""d"from the full script.

Retrogressive imagery (RETI); Virtual Reality (VR)

Virtual Reality (VR) BEHAVIORAL

Standing on a lifelike full-sized basketball court, they observe smooth flooring and clear markings. Teammates and opponents don variously colored uniforms, while referees stand ready at the sidelines. Referees position teammates and opponents around the basket as participants feel the texture and weight of the basketball in their hands, as if gripping it for real. The sounds of cheering spectators and encouraging shouts from teammates and coaches further enhance their focus. Participants adjust their stance, noticing beads of sweat trickling down their arms as they prepare for the FT. With bent knees, they ready themselves for the shot, exerting every ounce of their strength as the ball leaves their hands and soars towards the basket. As the ball accurately swishes through the net, the crowd erupts into thunderous applause, and the scoreboard's change in score brings an overwhelming sense of joyous victory.

Retrogressive imagery (RETI); Virtual Reality (VR)

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 17 Years - 23 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17), Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• participants to be university students aged 17 to 23 years, with the ability to read and communicate in Mandarin.

You may not qualify if:

• students with visual, auditory, or other motor impairments

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Wu Jiarun: lead

Study Sites (1)

Universiti Sains Malaysia

Kota Bharu, Kelantan, 16150, Malaysia

Location

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: NONE
• Purpose: TREATMENT
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Principal Investigator

Model Details: The 45 students were randomly selected from South China Normal University. Of these selected students, 15 were randomly assigned to Intervention Group 1 (RETI), 15 to Intervention Group 2 (VR), and the remaining 15 to the control group.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: August 19, 2024
• First Posted: August 22, 2024
• Study Start: November 5, 2023
• Primary Completion: January 5, 2024
• Study Completion: June 10, 2024
• Last Updated: August 22, 2024

Record last verified: 2024-08

Locations

MY (1)