The Effect of Smartphone and Hand Anthropometry on Pain and Upper Extremity Functions

NCT06373315 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: 2023/11-18
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 435
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

Mobile phones have different uses in different disciplines, and this encourages long-term use. For optimum comfort use, it is important to ensure users' awareness when purchasing mobile phones that match their hand sizes. The number of studies in the literature on this subject is limited. In this context, the aim of our study is to investigate the relationship between smartphone and hand anthropometry measurements and upper extremity pain and functions.

Conditions

Upper Extremity Problem; Smartphone Addiction

Keywords

Anthropometric Measurements; Upper Extremity; Smartphone

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (8)

• Hand anthropometric measurements: Hand length

  It is the longitudinal distance in centimeters from the midpoint of the distance from the most distal styloid process of the radius to the most distal styloid process of the ulna to the tip of the 3rd finger. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

  2 month

• Hand anthropometric measurements: Palm length

  It is the longitudinal distance in centimeters between the midpoint of the wrist crease and the highest point of the 3rd Metacarpal head. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

  2 month

• Hand anthropometric measurements: Width of the hand (Metacarpal)

  It is the longitudinal distance in centimeters between the base of the 2nd Metacarpal bone and the base of the 5th Metacarpal bone. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

  2 month

• Hand anthropometric measurements: Maximum hand spread measurement

  It is the longest distance in centimeters from the thumb to the tip of the 5th finger when your hand is open. Measurements will be made with the participants sitting on a chair, with their hands held on a horizontal platform. While the fingers are kept as close to each other as possible in all measurements, participants will be asked to open their hands as much as they can only in the maximum hand spread measurement.

  2 month

• Gross grip strength measurement

  Grip strength will be measured in Newton using a Hydraulic Hand Dynamometer. Standard grip strength testing position recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT); Participants will sit upright on the back of a chair without armrests with their feet flat on the floor, shoulder in adduction and neutral rotation, elbow in 90 degree flexion, forearm in neutral, wrist in slight extension and (0-150) degree ulnar deviation. It will be measured 3 times, and a 1-minute rest break will be given between each trial. The average of 3 attempts will be calculated for each hand.

  2 month

• Pinch grip strength

  Measurement of pinch grip strength in Newton will be performed with a digital pinchmeter. Pinch grip strength test position recommended by the American Society of Hand Therapists (ASHT); Participants will sit upright on the back of a chair without armrests with their feet flat on the floor, shoulder adduction and neutral rotation, elbow 90 degree flexion, forearm neutral, wrist slightly extended and (0-150) degree ulnar deviation. It will be measured 3 times, and a 1-minute rest break will be given between each trial. The average of 3 attempts will be calculated for each hand.

  2 month

• Measurement of phone dimensions

  The size of the touch screen will be measured in inches diagonally from one corner of the screen to the opposite corner (6). iPhone 5 models from Apple and 6 models from Samsung Galaxy, Realme, Xiaomi Redmi, Oppo, Huawei, Infinix, Reeder and other touch screen phones will be used. Screen dimensions will be measured using a standard ruler 30 cm diagonally across the screen (3). According to screen size, mobile phones will be grouped into small, medium and large phone sizes as shown in Table 2.

  2 month

• Upper extremity functional status assessment

  Quick-DASH is an evaluation questionnaire that measures activity and participation limitations in all upper extremity disorders. In the survey, patients' difficulties during daily living activities are questioned with 11 questions. Each answer is scored on a Likert scale from 1 to 5, from best to worst. There are also optionally completed Business Model (DASH-W) sections consisting of 4 questions and Sports and Musicians Model (DASH-SM) sections consisting of 4 questions. The validity and reliability of this questionnaire in Turkish was determined by Düger et al. made by. The total score for the first section consisting of 30 questions varies between 0 and 100. The total score for the second part ranges from 0 to 100. For the third part, which evaluates high performance sports, the total score varies between 0 and 100. An increase in the score in the survey indicates a decrease in functionality.

  2 month

Secondary Outcomes (2)

• Pain assessment

  2 month

• Smartphone addiction

  2 month

Study Arms (1)

Sample of Study

Volunteer participants who constitute the study sample include students and staff studying in different departments at the university. Inclusion criteria; It includes using a smartphone for more than 1 hour a day to send at least 5 emails or text messages a day, play games or browse the internet. Exclusion criteria; It includes students who have an existing injury to the hand or upper extremity (6 months ago) and who have been diagnosed with degenerative, inflammatory, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular and congenital disorders of the hand or upper extremity that affect their use in daily life.

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 17 Years - 63 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Child (0-17), Adult (18-64)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

Volunteer participants include students and staff studying in different departments at the university.

You may qualify if:

• Sending at least 5 e-mails or text messages a day from your mobile phone,
• Using a smartphone for more than 1 hour a day to play games or browse the internet

You may not qualify if:

• Having an existing injury in the hand or upper extremity (suffered 6 months ago)
• Having been diagnosed with a degenerative, inflammatory, musculoskeletal, neuromuscular, or congenital disorder of the hand or upper extremity.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Nigde Omer Halisdemir University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Nigde Omer Halisdemir University, Bor Faculty of Health Sciences

Niğde, Niğde Province, 51700, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (2)

• Kamel DM, Hakeem CA, Tantawy SA. Influence of hand and smartphone anthropometric measurements on hand pain and discomfort: A cross-sectional study. Medicine (Baltimore). 2020 Mar;99(11):e19513. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000019513.

  PMID: 32176099 BACKGROUND

• Werle S, Goldhahn J, Drerup S, Simmen BR, Sprott H, Herren DB. Age- and gender-specific normative data of grip and pinch strength in a healthy adult Swiss population. J Hand Surg Eur Vol. 2009 Feb;34(1):76-84. doi: 10.1177/1753193408096763. Epub 2009 Jan 7.

  PMID: 19129352 BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Internet Addiction Disorder

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Technology Addiction; Behavior, Addictive; Compulsive Behavior; Impulsive Behavior; Behavior

Study Officials

• Altindal Karabulut, Asst. Prof.

  Niğde Ömer Halisdemir University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

• Nihal BUKER, Prof.

  Pamukkale University

  STUDY CHAIR

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: OTHER
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Assistant Professor

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: April 2, 2024
• First Posted: April 18, 2024
• Study Start: May 13, 2024
• Primary Completion: September 30, 2024
• Study Completion: September 30, 2024
• Last Updated: June 26, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-06

Locations

TU (1)