Efficacy of Bystander Intervention Program in Nursing Students

NCT06178016 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: IU-Cerrahpaşa (IUC)
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 83
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The research will be conducted in a randomized control group experimental research design. The study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the bystander intervention program developed for dating violence in nursing students. The Bystander Intervention Program will be developed after a literature review on the subject and taking into account previous evidence-based research. The population of the study will consist of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing, Department of Nursing, Turkish Program 1st year students (N=130). In the sample size calculation, the data reported in similar studies in the literature were used (Rothman et al. 2018). The representativeness of the study was calculated as β=80%, α=0.05 (effect size: 0.6), and a total of 80 samples were calculated as a result of power analysis, 40 intervention, and 40 control groups. Participants will be assigned to the experimental or control group by computer-based simple randomization method. Data will be collected between September, 19 2024, and December 19, 2024. Data will be collected face-to-face using the Individual Information Form, Bystander Efficacy Scale, Intention to Help Scale-Short Version, Bystander Behavior Scale (For Friends), and Program Evaluation Form. The data obtained from the research will be evaluated with the SPSS package program.

Conditions

Bystander Effect; Dating Violence; Nursing Students; Intimate Partner Violence

Keywords

Bystander Intervention; Dating Violence; Nursing Students

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Bystander Efficacy Scale

  The scale used to assess bystander effectiveness was developed by Banyard et al. The scale includes 18 items. The participant is expected to indicate his/her degree of confidence by writing a whole number between 0-100 to indicate how confident he/she is that he/she can perform the behaviors specified in the scale. The calculation is made by averaging all items and the scale has no cut-off point. High scores indicate a high degree of confidence. In the study conducted by Banyard et al. (2014), the Cronbach's alpha value of the scale was .93 and the mean was 72.60.

  It will be applied to both groups within one week before the program, and within 1 week after the program is completed

• Intention to Help Scale-Short Version

  The scale, which assesses the likelihood or willingness of participants to engage in various helping behaviors, was developed by Banyard et al. (2014). There are two separate subscales by creating separate but parallel items and it consists of 18 items in total. Participants are expected to rate their likelihood of performing the behaviors using a 5-point Likert-type scale. The scale is calculated by averaging the answers given to the items. High scores indicate that the individual is more likely to engage in helping behavior. Cronbach's alpha value for the short version of the scale was .93 (Banyard et al. 2014).

  It will be applied to both groups within one week before the program, and within 1 week after the program is completed

• Bystander Behavior Scale (For Friends)

  The scale used to determine the spectator behavior of the participants in the last 2 months was developed by Banyard et al. The scale has 44 items and includes only spectator behaviors towards friends. The scale consists of 4 factors. Participants are expected to mark "Yes", "No" and "Did not meet" for the fulfillment of each item. In the evaluation, each no sign is calculated as 0 points and each yes sign is calculated as 1 point. The items that individuals said they did not encounter are not included in the scoring and the calculation is made by taking the average of the answers given to the other items. Higher scores indicate the types of bystander behavior reported by more people. Cronbach's alpha value for the short version of the scale was .971 (Banyard et al. 2014).

  It will be applied to both groups 2 months after the program

Study Arms (2)

Experimental Group

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants in this group will have the Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence. The aim of this program, which will be prepared taking into account the needs of the country and institutions, is to provide knowledge and skills to safely intervene in dating violence. The program will be implemented at a convenient time for the experimental group of students within the 2023-2024 Spring semester academic calendar, taking into account the 1st-grade course schedule of Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa Florence Nightingale Faculty of Nursing.

Other: Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence

Control Group

NO INTERVENTION

The control group will not participate in the Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence, an interview consisting of one session is planned considering for the placebo effect. The control group students will be given a single 60-minute information session on dating violence and the students will be expected to fill out the scales to be filled out within the scope of the research at the pre-test and post-test times. At the end of the study, the Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence will be carried out with the voluntary participants in the control group, taking into account the ethics.

Interventions

Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence OTHER

The Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence includes the following topics: Dating violence and its types (Session 1), risk factors and consequences of dating violence (Session 2), bystander intervention in dating violence and barriers to intervention (Session 3), bystander intervention strategies for dating violence (Session 4), self-care for bystanders witnessing dating violence (Session 5). Each session is planned to last 60-90 minutes. Materials will be used in the Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence are PPT (PowerPoint Presentations) slides, videos, interactive scenarios, and group discussions. The Bystander Intervention Program for Dating Violence is planned to be applied face-to-face in 4 groups (12, 10, and 10 people) at scheduled times in a quiet room suitable for the group.

Experimental Group

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 24 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Between the ages of 18-24
• Active student enrollment in the nursing department of the faculty in the academic year 2023-2024
• Filled in forms and scales

You may not qualify if:

• No active student enrollment in the nursing department of the faculty in the academic year 2023-2024 (due to reasons such as freezing enrollment, transferring to another institution, etc.)
• Participation in seminars/workshops/group work/conferences/congresses/seminars/trainings etc. on prevention of dating violence and/or bystander intervention

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa: lead

Study Sites (1)

Istanbul University-Cerrahpaşa

Istanbul, Şişli/Istanbul, 34381, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (16)

• Rothman EF, Paruk J, Banyard V. The escalation dating abuse workshop for college students: Results of an efficacy RCT. J Am Coll Health. 2018 Aug-Sep;66(6):519-528. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1431909. Epub 2018 Mar 22.

  PMID: 29405867 BACKGROUND

• Storer HL, Casey E, Herrenkohl T. Efficacy of Bystander Programs to Prevent Dating Abuse Among Youth and Young Adults: A Review of the Literature. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2016 Jul;17(3):256-69. doi: 10.1177/1524838015584361. Epub 2015 May 6.

  PMID: 25951840 BACKGROUND

• Debnam KJ, Mauer V. Who, When, How, and Why Bystanders Intervene in Physical and Psychological Teen Dating Violence. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2021 Jan;22(1):54-67. doi: 10.1177/1524838018806505. Epub 2019 Jan 22.

  PMID: 30669950 BACKGROUND

• Banyard VL, Moynihan MM, Cares AC, Warner R. How do we know if it works? Measuring outcomes in bystander-focused abuse prevention on campuses. Psychology of Violence. 2014;4(1):101.

  BACKGROUND

• Banyard V, Moschella E, Grych J, Jouriles E. What happened next? New measures of consequences of bystander actions to prevent interpersonal violence. Psychology of Violence. 2019; 9(6):664-674.

  BACKGROUND

• Tekkas Kerman K, Ozturk FO. An examination of gender stereotypes, ambivalent sexism, and dating violence as potential predictors of nursing students' beliefs about intimate partner violence: A cross-sectional correlational study. Nurse Educ Pract. 2022 Jul;62:103346. doi: 10.1016/j.nepr.2022.103346. Epub 2022 Apr 6.

  PMID: 35430535 BACKGROUND

• Schuster I, Krahe B, Toplu-Demirtas E. Prevalence of Sexual Aggression Victimization and Perpetration in a Sample of Female and Male College Students in Turkey. J Sex Res. 2016 Nov-Dec;53(9):1139-1152. doi: 10.1080/00224499.2016.1207057. Epub 2016 Aug 2.

  PMID: 27485372 BACKGROUND

• Toplu-Demirtas E, Fincham FD. I Don't Have Power, and I Want More: Psychological, Physical, and Sexual Dating Violence Perpetration Among College Students. J Interpers Violence. 2022 Jul;37(13-14):NP11490-NP11519. doi: 10.1177/0886260520951319. Epub 2020 Aug 25.

  PMID: 32840154 BACKGROUND

• Park S, Kim SH. A mixed-method pilot study to test a program for friend-supporters of victims of dating violence. J Community Psychol. 2021 Jul;49(5):1153-1168. doi: 10.1002/jcop.22568. Epub 2021 Mar 29.

  PMID: 33778972 BACKGROUND

• Peterson K, Sharps P, Banyard V, Powers RA, Kaukinen C, Gross D, Decker MR, Baatz C, Campbell J. An Evaluation of Two Dating Violence Prevention Programs on a College Campus. J Interpers Violence. 2018 Dec;33(23):3630-3655. doi: 10.1177/0886260516636069. Epub 2016 Mar 13.

  PMID: 26976433 BACKGROUND

• Choi EP, Wong JY, Fong DY. Mental health and health-related quality of life of Chinese college students who were the victims of dating violence. Qual Life Res. 2017 Apr;26(4):945-957. doi: 10.1007/s11136-016-1413-4. Epub 2016 Sep 22.

  PMID: 27660071 BACKGROUND

• Finnie RKC, Okasako-Schmucker DL, Buchanan L, Carty D, Wethington H, Mercer SL, Basile KC, DeGue S, Niolon PH, Bishop J, Titus T, Noursi S, Dickerson SA, Whitaker D, Swider S, Remington P; Community Preventive Services Task Force. Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Prevention Among Youth: A Community Guide Systematic Review. Am J Prev Med. 2022 Jan;62(1):e45-e55. doi: 10.1016/j.amepre.2021.06.021. Epub 2021 Nov 10.

  PMID: 34772564 BACKGROUND

• Amar AF, Tuccinardi N, Heislein J, Simpson S. Friends Helping Friends: a nonrandomized control trial of a peer-based response to dating violence. Nurs Outlook. 2015 Jul-Aug;63(4):496-503. doi: 10.1016/j.outlook.2015.01.004. Epub 2015 Feb 3.

  PMID: 26187089 BACKGROUND

• Jouriles EN, Krauss A, Vu NL, Banyard VL, McDonald R. Bystander programs addressing sexual violence on college campuses: A systematic review and meta-analysis of program outcomes and delivery methods. J Am Coll Health. 2018 Aug-Sep;66(6):457-466. doi: 10.1080/07448481.2018.1431906. Epub 2018 Mar 12.

  PMID: 29405865 BACKGROUND

• Amar AF, Sutherland M, Kesler E. Evaluation of a bystander education program. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2012 Dec;33(12):851-7. doi: 10.3109/01612840.2012.709915.

  PMID: 23215986 BACKGROUND

• Barroso-Corroto E, Cobo-Cuenca AI, Laredo-Aguilera JA, Santacruz-Salas E, Pozuelo-Carrascosa DP, Rodriguez-Canamero S, Martin-Espinosa NM, Carmona-Torres JM. Dating violence, violence in social networks, anxiety and depression in nursing degree students: A cross-sectional study. J Adv Nurs. 2023 Apr;79(4):1451-1463. doi: 10.1111/jan.15170. Epub 2022 Feb 7.

  PMID: 35128718 BACKGROUND

Related Links

• Word Health Organization. (2021). Violence against women

Study Officials

• Sevim Buzlu, PhD,RN

  Istanbul University - Cerrahpasa

  STUDY CHAIR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Purpose: PREVENTION
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Research Assistant

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: December 2, 2023
• First Posted: December 20, 2023
• Study Start: December 10, 2024
• Primary Completion: April 10, 2025
• Study Completion: June 13, 2025
• Last Updated: July 31, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-07

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

TU (1)