The Impact of Reactivation During Sleep on the Consolidation of Abstract Information in Humans

NCT05746299 | Completed Results

• 2 other identifiers: 833228A1R21MH128788-01A1
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 194
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

In any given cognitive domain, representations of individual elements are not independent but are organized by means of structured relations. Representations of this underlying structure are powerful, allowing generalization and inference in novel environments. In the semantic domain, structure captures associations between different semantic features or concepts (e.g., green, wings, can fly) and is known to influence the development and deterioration of semantic knowledge. The investigators recently found that humans more easily learn novel categories that contain clusters of reliably co-occurring features, revealing an influence of structure on novel category formation. However, a critical unknown is whether learned representations of structure are closely tied to category-specific elements, or whether such representations become abstract to some extent, transformed away from the experienced features. Further, if abstract structural representations do emerge, prior work provides intriguing hints that these representations may require offline consolidation during awake rest or sleep. The investigators have developed a paradigm in which carefully designed graph structures govern the pattern of feature co-occurrences within individual categories. Here the investigators implement a "structure transfer" extension of this paradigm in order to determine whether learning one structured category facilitates learning of a second identically structured category defined by a new set of features. This facilitation would provide evidence that structure representations are abstract to some degree. Aim 1 will use these methods to evaluate whether abstract structural representations emerge immediately during learning. Aim 2 will determine whether these representations persist, or emerge, over a delay, and whether sleep-based consolidation in particular is needed. The role of replay of recent experience during sleep will be evaluated using electroencephalography (EEG) paired with closed-loop targeted memory reactivation (TMR), a technique that enables causal influence over the consolidation of recently learned information in humans. This work will inform and constrain theories of semantic learning as well as theories of structure learning and representation more broadly.

Conditions

Memory Consolidation

Keywords

memory; sleep; learning

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Structure Knowledge for a New Modular Category in Stage 2

  Accuracy (0-100%) on the behavioral missing feature task in Stage 2, which requires participants to use their memory from earlier in the experiment to make a guess about how to fill in missing features of the category exemplars.

  In Aim 1, accuracy is collected in a missing feature task 25 min. into the experiment, taking 25 min. In Aim 2, accuracy is collected in a missing feature task over 25 min in Stage 2

Study Arms (7)

Immediate Congruent

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with the same structure that dictates the co-occurrence of different features.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep

Immediate Incongruent

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn and be tested on two different semantic categories with different structures that dictate the co-occurrence of different features.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep

Awake Incongruent

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn two different semantic categories, neither of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep

Awake Congruent

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2.5-hour break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep

Sleep Incongruent

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the non-Modular category, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep; Behavioral: Targeted memory reactivation (TMR)

Sleep Congruent (SWS)

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during slow wave sleep (SWS), participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep; Behavioral: Targeted memory reactivation (TMR)

Sleep Congruent (REM)

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will learn two different semantic categories, one of which has a Modular structure. After a 2-hour nap opportunity, during which TMR will be used to reactivate the Modular category during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, participants will take a 30-minute break. After the break, they will learn and be tested on a novel semantic category with a Modular structure.

Behavioral: Congruent vs. Incongruent; Behavioral: Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep; Behavioral: Targeted memory reactivation (TMR)

Interventions

Congruent vs. Incongruent BEHAVIORAL

The Congruent vs. Incongruent intervention relates to the feature-based structure of the novel categories (Modular or non-Modular) and whether there is (Congruent) or is not (Incongruent) a match between what was previously learned and the final target category.

Awake Congruent; Awake Incongruent; Immediate Congruent; Immediate Incongruent; Sleep Congruent (REM); Sleep Congruent (SWS); Sleep Incongruent

Immediate vs. Awake vs. Asleep BEHAVIORAL

Immediate, Awake, and Sleep refer to either no break, 2.5 hours awake, or 2 hours asleep plus a 30-minute post-nap break to account for sleep inertia between learning and target category.

Awake Congruent; Awake Incongruent; Immediate Congruent; Immediate Incongruent; Sleep Congruent (REM); Sleep Congruent (SWS); Sleep Incongruent

Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) BEHAVIORAL

Targeted memory reactivation (TMR) is the systematic presentation of sounds during sleep that were associated with certain stimuli during learning and will be administered either during slow wave sleep (SWS) or rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.

Sleep Congruent (REM); Sleep Congruent (SWS); Sleep Incongruent

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 35 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Ages between 18 and 35

You may not qualify if:

• No medical or neurological illness that would impact experimental performance
• Not a member of a vulnerable population

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University of Pennsylvania: lead
• National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH): collaborator

Study Sites (1)

University of Pennsylvania

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, United States

Location

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Results Point of Contact

• Title: Anna Schapiro
• Organization: University of Pennsylvania

aschapir@sas.upenn.edu

215-898-0482

Study Officials

• Anna C Schapiro, PhD

  University of Pennsylvania

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Publication Agreements

• PI is Sponsor Employee: Yes

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT
• Purpose: BASIC SCIENCE
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: February 14, 2023
• First Posted: February 27, 2023
• Study Start: March 29, 2023
• Primary Completion: June 30, 2024
• Study Completion: June 30, 2024
• Last Updated: July 14, 2025
• Results First Posted: July 14, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-06

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share
• Time Frame: IPD will be available at the time of study publication.
• Access Criteria: IPD will be publicly available without restriction.

Locations

US (1)