The Use of Tranexamic Acid in the Treatment of Symptomatic Subdural Hematoma

NCT05713630 | Not Yet Recruiting Phase 3 DMC

• 1 other identifier: 471164
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 130
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

Subdural hematoma (SDH) is a common condition experienced after head injury. Blood collects on the surface of the brain, causing headaches which can progress to confusion, weakness, or even coma. While patients with SDH often receive surgery, not all patients require surgery right away to ease pressure on the brain. After surgery, there can be up to 30 percent chance of more bleeding and the need for more surgeries. Given this, a drug capable of lowering the chance of more bleeding and speeding the recovery of the patient is highly desirable. In this study, we will test a commonly used, cheap drug called Tranexamic Acid (TXA). While the body stops unwanted and sometimes dangerous bleeding naturally by forming blood clots, TXA stops these blood clots from breaking down, which helps to keep bleeding spots plugged. Our previous study showed that TXA helped speed up patients' recovery; but a larger number of patients is necessary to evaluate how well TXA works to reduce bleeding and improve patient-reported outcomes. In this study, regardless of the need for surgery, half of the patients will be randomly assigned to take TXA, while the other half will take a placebo, which is a look-alike substance that contains no active drug. We will measure multiple outcomes over time to determine if TXA is working and lowers healthcare and personal costs, while also taking blood and surgical samples, to better understand how this drug works in SDH patients.

Conditions

Subdural Hematoma

Keywords

symptomatic subdural hematoma; tranexamic acid; TXA; clinical trial; neurosurgery

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• European Quality of Life 5 Dimensions 5 Level Version (EQ-5D-5L)

  A self-rated questionnaire that assesses a patient's health state in five dimensions: mobility, self-care, usual activities, pain/discomfort, and anxiety/depression.

  Every 2 weeks after randomization up to 45±10 days.

Secondary Outcomes (16)

• Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Scale v1.2 - Global Health. English and French versions

  Baseline and every 2 weeks after randomization up to 45±10 days, and then at 60-90 days, and 180±10 days after randomization.

• PROMIS Item Bank v2.0 - Cognitive Function. English version

  Baseline and every 2 weeks after randomization up to 45±10 days, and then at 60-90 days, and 180±10 days after randomization.

• PROMIS Item Bank v2.0 - Physical Function. English version

  Baseline and every 2 weeks after randomization up to 45±10 days, and then at 60-90 days, and 180±10 days after randomization.

• PROMIS Item Bank v2.0 - Ability to Participate in Social Roles and Activities. English version

  Baseline and every 2 weeks after randomization up to 45±10 days, and then at 60-90 days, and 180±10 days after randomization.

• Subdural hematoma volume change

  Baseline, 45±10 days after randomization, and 60-90 days if deemed necessary for the patient's routine care.

Study Arms (2)

Standard care + TXA

ACTIVE COMPARATOR

Patients will be given a single oral or IV loading dose of TXA within three hours of being randomized or whenever possible prior to surgery. Patients who are able to swallow will be given an oral loading dose of 1g TXA. Patients who are unable to swallow will be given an IV loading dose of 1g TXA which will be added to a 100mL infusion bag of NaCl 0.9% and infused by slow intravenous injection over 20 minutes as per the recommended rate of administration in the Product Monograph for Sandoz-Tranexamic Acid Injection BP. After 12 hours of the loading dose, patients will be given 500mg TXA by mouth (or 500mg TXA in NaCl 0.9% 100mL by IV for those unable to swallow) three times daily, totalling 1500mg/day, for 45 days.

Drug: Tranexamic acid (TXA)

Standard care + placebo

PLACEBO COMPARATOR

Patients will be given a single oral or IV loading dose of placebo within three hours of being randomized or whenever possible prior to surgery. Patients who are able to swallow will be given an oral loading dose of 1g placebo (gelatin capsule composed of microcrystalline cellulose 105 powder NF). Patients who are unable to swallow will be given an IV loading dose of 1g placebo (sodium chloride also known as NaCl 0.9%) which will be added to a 100mL infusion bag of NaCl 0.9% and infused by slow intravenous injection over 20 minutes. After 12 hours of the loading dose, patients will be given 500mg placebo by mouth (or IV for those unable to swallow) three times a day, totalling 1500mg/day, for 45 days.

Drug: Placebo

Interventions

Tranexamic acid (TXA) DRUG

Marcan-Tranexamic Acid 500 mg oral tablet over-encapsulated to match the placebo. Sandoz-Tranexamic Acid 100 mg/mL solution for injection via intravenous (IV) added to a 100mL infusion bag of NaCl 0.9% and infused by slow intravenous injection over 20 minutes.

Also known as: Cyklokapron

Standard care + TXA

Placebo DRUG

Placebo 500 mg consisting of an identical capsule to over-encapsulated tranexamic acid oral tablet entirely filled with microcrystalline cellulose, and sealed. Placebo 100 mg/mL solution for injection via intravenous (IV) consisting of 0.9% sodium chloride (saline).

Standard care + placebo

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 45 Years+
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may not qualify if:

• \- Patients will be excluded for any of the following conditions:
• Asymptomatic for longer than 72 hours
• SDH less than 8 mm in maximal thickness
• Have an acutely deteriorating neurological status (e.g., brain herniation with pupillary dilation, aneurysm rupture, etc.) that is likely to be fatal within 6 hours or less due to a predominantly acute SDH
• Presence of brain contusion larger than 5 cubic centimeters or subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) thicker than 10 mm with Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)\< 13
• Patients with primarily interhemispheric or tentorial SDH
• Hypersensitivity to TXA or any of the placebo ingredients
• Pregnancy
• Irregular menstrual bleeding with unidentified cause
• Known acquired colour vision disturbances
• Hematuria caused by renal parenchymal disease
• Acute and chronic renal insufficiency indicated by estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate (eGFR) ≤ 30 mL/min
• Concomitant intake of birth control pill and/or hormonal replacement therapy, and anti-inhibitor coagulant concentrates (factor VIII inhibitor bypass activity (FEIBA), factor VII, activated factor IX)
• Consumption coagulopathy/disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) in the last 7 days
• Not competent to take study medication properly and regularly or not having access to caregiver that is able to comply with study medication administration

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Unity Health Toronto: lead
• Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR): collaborator
• The Physicians' Services Incorporated Foundation: collaborator

Study Sites (1)

St. Michael's Hospital

Toronto, Ontario, M5B1T8, Canada

Location

Related Publications (68)

• Fu TS, Jing R, McFaull SR, Cusimano MD. Recent trends in hospitalization and in-hospital mortality associated with traumatic brain injury in Canada: A nationwide, population-based study. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2015 Sep;79(3):449-54. doi: 10.1097/ta.0000000000000733.

  PMID: 26535433 BACKGROUND

• Jiang R, Zhao S, Wang R, Feng H, Zhang J, Li X, Mao Y, Yuan X, Fei Z, Zhao Y, Yu X, Poon WS, Zhu X, Liu N, Kang D, Sun T, Jiao B, Liu X, Yu R, Zhang J, Gao G, Hao J, Su N, Yin G, Zhu X, Lu Y, Wei J, Hu J, Hu R, Li J, Wang D, Wei H, Tian Y, Lei P, Dong JF, Zhang J. Safety and Efficacy of Atorvastatin for Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Chinese Patients: A Randomized ClinicalTrial. JAMA Neurol. 2018 Nov 1;75(11):1338-1346. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.2030.

  PMID: 30073290 BACKGROUND

• Kudo H, Kuwamura K, Izawa I, Sawa H, Tamaki N. Chronic subdural hematoma in elderly people: present status on Awaji Island and epidemiological prospect. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1992 Apr;32(4):207-9. doi: 10.2176/nmc.32.207.

  PMID: 1378564 BACKGROUND

• Balser D, Farooq S, Mehmood T, Reyes M, Samadani U. Actual and projected incidence rates for chronic subdural hematomas in United States Veterans Administration and civilian populations. J Neurosurg. 2015 Nov;123(5):1209-15. doi: 10.3171/2014.9.JNS141550. Epub 2015 Mar 20.

  PMID: 25794342 BACKGROUND

• Brennan PM, Kolias AG, Joannides AJ, Shapey J, Marcus HJ, Gregson BA, Grover PJ, Hutchinson PJ, Coulter IC; British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative. The management and outcome for patients with chronic subdural hematoma: a prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study in the United Kingdom. J Neurosurg. 2017 Mar 17:1-8. doi: 10.3171/2016.8.JNS16134.test. Online ahead of print.

  PMID: 28306417 BACKGROUND

• Rauhala M, Helen P, Huhtala H, Heikkila P, Iverson GL, Niskakangas T, Ohman J, Luoto TM. Chronic subdural hematoma-incidence, complications, and financial impact. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2020 Sep;162(9):2033-2043. doi: 10.1007/s00701-020-04398-3. Epub 2020 Jun 10.

  PMID: 32524244 BACKGROUND

• Balser D, Rodgers SD, Johnson B, Shi C, Tabak E, Samadani U. Evolving management of symptomatic chronic subdural hematoma: experience of a single institution and review of the literature. Neurol Res. 2013 Apr;35(3):233-42. doi: 10.1179/1743132813Y.0000000166.

  PMID: 23485050 BACKGROUND

• Lee KS. Natural history of chronic subdural haematoma. Brain Inj. 2004 Apr;18(4):351-8. doi: 10.1080/02699050310001645801.

  PMID: 14742149 BACKGROUND

• Sahyouni R, Goshtasbi K, Mahmoodi A, Tran DK, Chen JW. Chronic Subdural Hematoma: A Historical and Clinical Perspective. World Neurosurg. 2017 Dec;108:948-953. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.064. Epub 2017 Sep 19.

  PMID: 28935548 BACKGROUND

• Cofano F, Pesce A, Vercelli G, Mammi M, Massara A, Minardi M, Palmieri M, D'Andrea G, Fronda C, Lanotte MM, Tartara F, Zenga F, Frati A, Garbossa D. Risk of Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematomas After Surgery: A Multicenter Observational Cohort Study. Front Neurol. 2020 Nov 24;11:560269. doi: 10.3389/fneur.2020.560269. eCollection 2020.

  PMID: 33329304 BACKGROUND

• Hammer A, Tregubow A, Kerry G, Schrey M, Hammer C, Steiner HH. Predictors for Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Turk Neurosurg. 2017;27(5):756-762. doi: 10.5137/1019-5149.JTN.17347-16.1.

  PMID: 27593834 BACKGROUND

• Miranda LB, Braxton E, Hobbs J, Quigley MR. Chronic subdural hematoma in the elderly: not a benign disease. J Neurosurg. 2011 Jan;114(1):72-6. doi: 10.3171/2010.8.JNS10298. Epub 2010 Sep 24.

  PMID: 20868215 BACKGROUND

• Weigel R, Schmiedek P, Krauss JK. Outcome of contemporary surgery for chronic subdural haematoma: evidence based review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;74(7):937-43. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.74.7.937.

  PMID: 12810784 BACKGROUND

• Liu W, Bakker NA, Groen RJ. Chronic subdural hematoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of surgical procedures. J Neurosurg. 2014 Sep;121(3):665-73. doi: 10.3171/2014.5.JNS132715. Epub 2014 Jul 4.

  PMID: 24995782 BACKGROUND

• Peng Z, Ban K, LeBlanc A, Kozar RA. Intraluminal tranexamic acid inhibits intestinal sheddases and mitigates gut and lung injury and inflammation in a rodent model of hemorrhagic shock. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 2016 Aug;81(2):358-65. doi: 10.1097/TA.0000000000001056.

  PMID: 27027557 BACKGROUND

• Adhiyaman V, Chatterjee I. Increasing incidence of chronic subdural haematoma in the elderly. QJM. 2017 Nov 1;110(11):775. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcx143. No abstract available.

  PMID: 29025124 BACKGROUND

• Miki K, Abe H, Morishita T, Hayashi S, Yagi K, Arima H, Inoue T. Double-crescent sign as a predictor of chronic subdural hematoma recurrence following burr-hole surgery. J Neurosurg. 2019 Jan 4;131(6):1905-1911. doi: 10.3171/2018.8.JNS18805. Print 2019 Dec 1.

  PMID: 30611142 BACKGROUND

• Feghali J, Yang W, Huang J. Updates in Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Epidemiology, Etiology, Pathogenesis, Treatment, and Outcome. World Neurosurg. 2020 Sep;141:339-345. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2020.06.140. Epub 2020 Jun 25.

  PMID: 32593768 BACKGROUND

• van der Vlegel M, Spronk I, Oude Groeniger J, Toet H, Panneman MJM, Polinder S, Haagsma JA. Health care utilization and health-related quality of life of injury patients: comparison of educational groups. BMC Health Serv Res. 2021 Sep 19;21(1):988. doi: 10.1186/s12913-021-06913-3.

  PMID: 34538243 BACKGROUND

• Matei VP, Rosca AE, Pavel AN, Paun RM, Gmel G, Daeppen JB, Studer J. Risk factors and consequences of traumatic brain injury in a Swiss male population cohort. BMJ Open. 2022 Jul 21;12(7):e055986. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055986.

  PMID: 35863843 BACKGROUND

• Lee KS. Chronic Subdural Hematoma in the Aged, Trauma or Degeneration? J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2016 Jan;59(1):1-5. doi: 10.3340/jkns.2016.59.1.1. Epub 2016 Jan 20.

  PMID: 26885279 BACKGROUND

• Almenawer SA, Farrokhyar F, Hong C, Alhazzani W, Manoranjan B, Yarascavitch B, Arjmand P, Baronia B, Reddy K, Murty N, Singh S. Chronic subdural hematoma management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 34,829 patients. Ann Surg. 2014 Mar;259(3):449-57. doi: 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000255.

  PMID: 24096761 BACKGROUND

• Bajsarowicz P, Prakash I, Lamoureux J, Saluja RS, Feyz M, Maleki M, Marcoux J. Nonsurgical acute traumatic subdural hematoma: what is the risk? J Neurosurg. 2015 Nov;123(5):1176-83. doi: 10.3171/2014.10.JNS141728. Epub 2015 May 8.

  PMID: 25955872 BACKGROUND

• Miah IP, Tank Y, Rosendaal FR, Peul WC, Dammers R, Lingsma HF, den Hertog HM, Jellema K, van der Gaag NA; Dutch Chronic Subdural Hematoma Research Group. Radiological prognostic factors of chronic subdural hematoma recurrence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Neuroradiology. 2021 Jan;63(1):27-40. doi: 10.1007/s00234-020-02558-x. Epub 2020 Oct 22.

  PMID: 33094383 BACKGROUND

• Jang KM, Choi HH, Mun HY, Nam TK, Park YS, Kwon JT. Critical Depressed Brain Volume Influences the Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma after Surgical Evacuation. Sci Rep. 2020 Jan 24;10(1):1145. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-58250-w.

  PMID: 31980723 BACKGROUND

• Hutchinson PJ, Edlmann E, Bulters D, Zolnourian A, Holton P, Suttner N, Agyemang K, Thomson S, Anderson IA, Al-Tamimi YZ, Henderson D, Whitfield PC, Gherle M, Brennan PM, Allison A, Thelin EP, Tarantino S, Pantaleo B, Caldwell K, Davis-Wilkie C, Mee H, Warburton EA, Barton G, Chari A, Marcus HJ, King AT, Belli A, Myint PK, Wilkinson I, Santarius T, Turner C, Bond S, Kolias AG; British Neurosurgical Trainee Research Collaborative; Dex-CSDH Trial Collaborators. Trial of Dexamethasone for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. N Engl J Med. 2020 Dec 31;383(27):2616-2627. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2020473. Epub 2020 Dec 16.

  PMID: 33326713 BACKGROUND

• Prud'homme M, Mathieu F, Marcotte N, Cottin S. A Pilot Placebo Controlled Randomized Trial of Dexamethasone for Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Can J Neurol Sci. 2016 Mar;43(2):284-90. doi: 10.1017/cjn.2015.393. Epub 2016 Feb 8.

  PMID: 26853325 BACKGROUND

• Moskala M, Goscinski I, Kaluza J, Polak J, Krupa M, Adamek D, Pitynski K, Miodonski AJ. Morphological aspects of the traumatic chronic subdural hematoma capsule: SEM studies. Microsc Microanal. 2007 Jun;13(3):211-9. doi: 10.1017/S1431927607070286.

  PMID: 17490504 BACKGROUND

• Yamashima T, Yamamoto S, Friede RL. [A comparative study of the capsular vessels of acute subdural hematoma in the chronic healing stage and those of chronic subdural hematoma]. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 1983 Jun;23(6):428-36. doi: 10.2176/nmc.23.428. No abstract available. Japanese.

  PMID: 6195537 BACKGROUND

• Kutty RK, Leela SK, Sreemathyamma SB, Sivanandapanicker JL, Asher P, Peethambaran A, Prabhakar RB. The Outcome of Medical Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma with Tranexamic Acid - A Prospective Observational Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2020 Nov;29(11):105273. doi: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2020.105273. Epub 2020 Sep 4.

  PMID: 33066896 BACKGROUND

• Mebberson K, Colditz M, Marshman LAG, Thomas PAW, Mitchell PS, Robertson K. Prospective randomized placebo-controlled double-blind clinical study of adjuvant dexamethasone with surgery for chronic subdural haematoma with post-operative subdural drainage: Interim analysis. J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Jan;71:153-157. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2019.08.095. Epub 2019 Sep 3.

  PMID: 31492485 BACKGROUND

• Giuffre R. Physiopathogenesis of chronic subdural hematomas: a new look to an old problem. Riv Neurol. 1987 Sep-Oct;57(5):298-304.

  PMID: 3328270 BACKGROUND

• Nomura S, Kashiwagi S, Ito H, Mimura Y, Nakamura K. Degradation of fibrinogen and fibrin by plasmin and nonplasmin proteases in the chronic subdural hematoma: evaluation by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and immunoblot. Electrophoresis. 1993 Dec;14(12):1318-21. doi: 10.1002/elps.11501401202.

  PMID: 8137796 BACKGROUND

• Miranda I, Collado-Sanchez A, Peregrin-Nevado I, Diaz-Martinez JV, Sanchez-Alepuz E, Miranda FJ. Use of topical tranexamic acid in primary total hip arthroplasty. Efficiency and safety. Our experience. Rev Esp Cir Ortop Traumatol (Engl Ed). 2020 Mar-Apr;64(2):114-119. doi: 10.1016/j.recot.2019.09.011. Epub 2019 Nov 10. English, Spanish.

  PMID: 31722865 BACKGROUND

• Markwalder TM. Chronic subdural hematomas: a review. J Neurosurg. 1981 May;54(5):637-45. doi: 10.3171/jns.1981.54.5.0637. No abstract available.

  PMID: 7014792 BACKGROUND

• O YM, Tsang SL, Leung GK. Fibrinolytic-Facilitated Chronic Subdural Hematoma Drainage-A Systematic Review. World Neurosurg. 2021 Jun;150:e408-e419. doi: 10.1016/j.wneu.2021.03.029. Epub 2021 Mar 17.

  PMID: 33722722 BACKGROUND

• McCormack PL. Tranexamic acid: a review of its use in the treatment of hyperfibrinolysis. Drugs. 2012 Mar 26;72(5):585-617. doi: 10.2165/11209070-000000000-00000.

  PMID: 22397329 BACKGROUND

• Jawa RS, Singer A, Mccormack JE, Huang EC, Rutigliano DN, Vosswinkel JA. Tranexamic Acid Use in United States Trauma Centers: A National Survey. Am Surg. 2016 May;82(5):439-47.

  PMID: 27215726 BACKGROUND

• Cai J, Ribkoff J, Olson S, Raghunathan V, Al-Samkari H, DeLoughery TG, Shatzel JJ. The many roles of tranexamic acid: An overview of the clinical indications for TXA in medical and surgical patients. Eur J Haematol. 2020 Feb;104(2):79-87. doi: 10.1111/ejh.13348. Epub 2019 Dec 16.

  PMID: 31729076 BACKGROUND

• Yokobori S, Yatabe T, Kondo Y, Kinoshita K; Japan Resuscitation Council (JRC) Neuroresuscitation Task Force and the Guidelines Editorial Committee. Efficacy and safety of tranexamic acid administration in traumatic brain injury patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Intensive Care. 2020 Jul 3;8:46. doi: 10.1186/s40560-020-00460-5. eCollection 2020.

  PMID: 32637122 BACKGROUND

• Klebanoff JS, Marfori CQ, Ingraham CF, Wu CZ, Moawad GN. Applications of Tranexamic acid in benign gynecology. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Aug;31(4):235-239. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000547.

  PMID: 31022078 BACKGROUND

• Della Corte L, Saccone G, Locci M, Carbone L, Raffone A, Giampaolino P, Ciardulli A, Berghella V, Zullo F. Tranexamic acid for treatment of primary postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2020 Mar;33(5):869-874. doi: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1500544. Epub 2018 Sep 10.

  PMID: 30122082 BACKGROUND

• Alanwar A, Abbas AM, Hussain SH, Elhawwary G, Mansour DY, Faisal MM, Elshabrawy A, Eltaieb E. Oral micronised flavonoids versus tranexamic acid for treatment of heavy menstrual bleeding secondary to copper IUD use: a randomised double-blind clinical trial. Eur J Contracept Reprod Health Care. 2018 Oct;23(5):365-370. doi: 10.1080/13625187.2018.1515349. Epub 2018 Sep 24.

  PMID: 30247074 BACKGROUND

• WOMAN Trial Collaborators. Effect of early tranexamic acid administration on mortality, hysterectomy, and other morbidities in women with post-partum haemorrhage (WOMAN): an international, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2017 May 27;389(10084):2105-2116. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)30638-4. Epub 2017 Apr 26.

  PMID: 28456509 BACKGROUND

• Khadanga P, Kanchi M, Gaur P. Effectiveness of Tranexamic Acid in Reducing Postoperative Blood Loss in Patients Undergoing Off-Pump Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting. Cureus. 2020 Dec 5;12(12):e11924. doi: 10.7759/cureus.11924.

  PMID: 33425507 BACKGROUND

• Meissner F, Plotze K, Matschke K, Waldow T. Postoperative administration of tranexamic acid as approach to reduce blood loss after open-heart surgery. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc. 2020;76(1):43-49. doi: 10.3233/CH-200836.

  PMID: 32417764 BACKGROUND

• Monaco F, Nardelli P, Pasin L, Barucco G, Mattioli C, Di Tomasso N, Dalessandro G, Giardina G, Landoni G, Chiesa R, Zangrillo A. Tranexamic acid in open aortic aneurysm surgery: a randomised clinical trial. Br J Anaesth. 2020 Jan;124(1):35-43. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2019.08.028. Epub 2019 Oct 10.

  PMID: 31607387 BACKGROUND

• Sprigg N, Flaherty K, Appleton JP, Al-Shahi Salman R, Bereczki D, Beridze M, Christensen H, Ciccone A, Collins R, Czlonkowska A, Dineen RA, Duley L, Egea-Guerrero JJ, England TJ, Krishnan K, Laska AC, Law ZK, Ozturk S, Pocock SJ, Roberts I, Robinson TG, Roffe C, Seiffge D, Scutt P, Thanabalan J, Werring D, Whynes D, Bath PM; TICH-2 Investigators. Tranexamic acid for hyperacute primary IntraCerebral Haemorrhage (TICH-2): an international randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3 superiority trial. Lancet. 2018 May 26;391(10135):2107-2115. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31033-X. Epub 2018 May 16.

  PMID: 29778325 BACKGROUND

• Roberts I, Shakur-Still H, Aeron-Thomas A, Beaumont D, Belli A, Brenner A, Cargill M, Chaudhri R, Douglas N, Frimley L, Gilliam C, Geer A, Jamal Z, Jooma R, Mansukhani R, Miners A, Pott J, Prowse D, Shokunbi T, Williams J. Tranexamic acid to reduce head injury death in people with traumatic brain injury: the CRASH-3 international RCT. Health Technol Assess. 2021 Apr;25(26):1-76. doi: 10.3310/hta25260.

  PMID: 33928903 BACKGROUND

• July J, Pranata R. Tranexamic acid is associated with reduced mortality, hemorrhagic expansion, and vascular occlusive events in traumatic brain injury - meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. BMC Neurol. 2020 Apr 6;20(1):119. doi: 10.1186/s12883-020-01694-4.

  PMID: 32252661 BACKGROUND

• Kozek-Langenecker SA, Ahmed AB, Afshari A, Albaladejo P, Aldecoa C, Barauskas G, De Robertis E, Faraoni D, Filipescu DC, Fries D, Haas T, Jacob M, Lance MD, Pitarch JVL, Mallett S, Meier J, Molnar ZL, Rahe-Meyer N, Samama CM, Stensballe J, Van der Linden PJF, Wikkelso AJ, Wouters P, Wyffels P, Zacharowski K. Management of severe perioperative bleeding: guidelines from the European Society of Anaesthesiology: First update 2016. Eur J Anaesthesiol. 2017 Jun;34(6):332-395. doi: 10.1097/EJA.0000000000000630.

  PMID: 28459785 BACKGROUND

• Spahn DR, Bouillon B, Cerny V, Duranteau J, Filipescu D, Hunt BJ, Komadina R, Maegele M, Nardi G, Riddez L, Samama CM, Vincent JL, Rossaint R. The European guideline on management of major bleeding and coagulopathy following trauma: fifth edition. Crit Care. 2019 Mar 27;23(1):98. doi: 10.1186/s13054-019-2347-3.

  PMID: 30917843 BACKGROUND

• Pagano D, Milojevic M, Meesters MI, Benedetto U, Bolliger D, von Heymann C, Jeppsson A, Koster A, Osnabrugge RL, Ranucci M, Ravn HB, Vonk ABA, Wahba A, Boer C. 2017 EACTS/EACTA Guidelines on patient blood management for adult cardiac surgery. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2018 Jan 1;53(1):79-111. doi: 10.1093/ejcts/ezx325. No abstract available.

  PMID: 29029100 BACKGROUND

• Kageyama H, Toyooka T, Tsuzuki N, Oka K. Nonsurgical treatment of chronic subdural hematoma with tranexamic acid. J Neurosurg. 2013 Aug;119(2):332-7. doi: 10.3171/2013.3.JNS122162. Epub 2013 May 3.

  PMID: 23641825 BACKGROUND

• Lodewijkx R, Immenga S, van den Berg R, Post R, Westerink LG, Nabuurs RJA, Can A, Vandertop WP, Verbaan D. Tranexamic acid for chronic subdural hematoma. Br J Neurosurg. 2021 Oct;35(5):564-569. doi: 10.1080/02688697.2021.1918328. Epub 2021 Aug 2.

  PMID: 34334070 BACKGROUND

• Wan KR, Qiu L, Saffari SE, Khong WXL, Ong JCL, See AA, Ng WH, King NKK. An open label randomized trial to assess the efficacy of tranexamic acid in reducing post-operative recurrence of chronic subdural haemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2020 Dec;82(Pt A):147-154. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2020.10.053. Epub 2020 Nov 8.

  PMID: 33317724 BACKGROUND

• Iorio-Morin C, Blanchard J, Richer M, Mathieu D. Tranexamic Acid in Chronic Subdural Hematomas (TRACS): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016 May 5;17(1):235. doi: 10.1186/s13063-016-1358-5.

  PMID: 27150916 BACKGROUND

• Poulsen FR, Munthe S, Soe M, Halle B. Perindopril and residual chronic subdural hematoma volumes six weeks after burr hole surgery: a randomized trial. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 2014 Aug;123:4-8. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2014.05.003. Epub 2014 May 14.

  PMID: 25012003 BACKGROUND

• Katayama K, Matsuda N, Kakuta K, Naraoka M, Takemura A, Hasegawa S, Akasaka K, Shimamura N, Itoh K, Asano K, Konno H, Ohkuma H. The Effect of Goreisan on the Prevention of Chronic Subdural Hematoma Recurrence: Multi-Center Randomized Controlled Study. J Neurotrauma. 2018 Jul 1;35(13):1537-1542. doi: 10.1089/neu.2017.5407.

  PMID: 29444611 BACKGROUND

• Fujisawa N, Oya S, Yoshida S, Tsuchiya T, Nakamura T, Indo M, Matsui T. A Prospective Randomized Study on the Preventive Effect of Japanese Herbal Kampo Medicine Goreisan for Recurrence of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2021 Jan 15;61(1):12-20. doi: 10.2176/nmc.oa.2020-0287. Epub 2020 Nov 19.

  PMID: 33208583 BACKGROUND

• Wang X, Song J, He Q, You C. Pharmacological Treatment in the Management of Chronic Subdural Hematoma. Front Aging Neurosci. 2021 Jul 1;13:684501. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.684501. eCollection 2021.

  PMID: 34276343 BACKGROUND

• Wu M, Wajeeh H, McPhail MN, Seyam O, Flora J, Nguyen H. Usage of Tranexamic Acid for Treatment of Subdural Hematomas. Cureus. 2023 Apr 15;15(4):e37628. doi: 10.7759/cureus.37628. eCollection 2023 Apr.

  PMID: 37200656 BACKGROUND

• Immenga S, Lodewijkx R, Roos YBWEM, Middeldorp S, Majoie CBLM, Willems HC, Vandertop WP, Verbaan D. Tranexamic acid to prevent operation in chronic subdural haematoma (TORCH): study protocol for a randomised placebo-controlled clinical trial. Trials. 2022 Jan 18;23(1):56. doi: 10.1186/s13063-021-05907-0.

  PMID: 35042560 BACKGROUND

• Alahmadi H, Vachhrajani S, Cusimano MD. The natural history of brain contusion: an analysis of radiological and clinical progression. J Neurosurg. 2010 May;112(5):1139-45. doi: 10.3171/2009.5.JNS081369.

  PMID: 19575576 BACKGROUND

• Weng K, Zhang X, Bi Q, Zhao C. The effectiveness and safety of tranexamic acid in bilateral total knee arthroplasty: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016 Sep;95(39):e4960. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004960.

  PMID: 27684841 BACKGROUND

• Houston BL, Uminski K, Mutter T, Rimmer E, Houston DS, Menard CE, Garland A, Ariano R, Tinmouth A, Abou-Setta AM, Rabbani R, Neilson C, Rochwerg B, Turgeon AF, Falk J, Breau RH, Fergusson DA, Zarychanski R. Efficacy and Safety of Tranexamic Acid in Major Non-Cardiac Surgeries at High Risk for Transfusion: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Transfus Med Rev. 2020 Jan;34(1):51-62. doi: 10.1016/j.tmrv.2019.10.001. Epub 2019 Oct 23.

  PMID: 31982293 BACKGROUND

• CRASH-2 Collaborators, Intracranial Bleeding Study. Effect of tranexamic acid in traumatic brain injury: a nested randomised, placebo controlled trial (CRASH-2 Intracranial Bleeding Study). BMJ. 2011 Jul 1;343:d3795. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d3795.

  PMID: 21724564 BACKGROUND

• Uno M, Toi H, Hirai S. Chronic Subdural Hematoma in Elderly Patients: Is This Disease Benign? Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 2017 Aug 15;57(8):402-409. doi: 10.2176/nmc.ra.2016-0337. Epub 2017 Jun 26.

  PMID: 28652561 BACKGROUND

Related Links

• Product Monograph for Marcan-Tranexamic Acid Tablets
• Related Info
• Product Monograph for Sandoz-Tranexamic Acid Injection BP

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Hematoma, Subdural

Interventions

Tranexamic Acid

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Intracranial Hemorrhage, Traumatic; Intracranial Hemorrhages; Cerebrovascular Disorders; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Nervous System Diseases; Craniocerebral Trauma; Trauma, Nervous System; Vascular Diseases; Cardiovascular Diseases; Hematoma; Hemorrhage; Pathologic Processes; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Wounds and Injuries

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Cyclohexanecarboxylic Acids; Acids, Carbocyclic; Carboxylic Acids; Organic Chemicals

Study Officials

• Michael D Cusimano, MD, PhD

  Unity Health Toronto

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Central Study Contacts

Michael D Cusimano, MD, PhD

CONTACT

416-864-5312; injuryprevention@smh.ca

Melissa C Fazari, MSc

CONTACT

437-655-1471; melissa.fazari@unityhealth.to

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: phase 3
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: TRIPLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT, INVESTIGATOR, OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Masking Details: Research Assistant Research Coordinator
• Purpose: TREATMENT
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Model Details: Vanguard trial

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: January 26, 2023
• First Posted: February 6, 2023
• Study Start: September 30, 2025
• Primary Completion (Estimated): March 30, 2027
• Study Completion (Estimated): December 31, 2030
• Last Updated: July 1, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-06

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

CA (1)