Effects of Pre-exercise Carbohydrate Restriction Relative to Fasting on Metabolism, Appetite, and Energy Intake in Healthy Males.

NCT05107583 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: TS_PreExCHO_2021
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 12
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 2

Brief Summary

This study will compare the metabolic, appetite, energy intake, and perceptual responses to a bout of exercise completed in the evening after after a low-carbohydrate lunch meal (\<10% carbohydrate content / 0.2 g/kg carbohydrate; LO-CHO), with the responses to exercise performed after a lunch meal containing a high carbohydrate content (\~60% carbohydrate content / 2.2 g/kg carbohydrate; HI-CHO), and after skipping lunch and fasting for 8 hours since breakfast (FAST).

Conditions

Obesity; Metabolic Syndrome

Keywords

Fasted exercise; Low-carbohydrate; High-protein; Appetite; Energy Intake; Metabolism

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Fat Oxidation Rate During Steady-State Exercise.

  Measurements of VO2 and VCO2 during a 60 minute steady state bout of cycling to determine rates of fat oxidation.

  Throughout the 60-minute steady-state bout of cycling

Secondary Outcomes (17)

• Voluntary energy intake (Kilocalories) at a laboratory-based test meal.

  60 minutes following the end of the exercise session.

• Visual Analogue Scale for Subjective Ratings of Appetite.

  Baseline, 1 hour, 1.75 hours, 2.75 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours (mid-exercise), 4 hours, 5 hours.

• Acylated ghrelin

  Baseline, 1 hour, 1.75 hours, 2.75 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours (mid-exercise), 4 hours, 5 hours.

• Peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PYY)

  Baseline, 1 hour, 1.75 hours, 2.75 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours (mid-exercise), 4 hours, 5 hours.

• Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1)

  Baseline, 1 hour, 1.75 hours, 2.75 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours (mid-exercise), 4 hours, 5 hours.

Study Arms (3)

Low-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will consume a low-carbohydrate (\<10% carbohydrate) lunch meal at 13:30 - 2.5 hours prior to commencing exercise at 16:00.

Behavioral: Low-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal

High-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will consume a high-carbohydrate (\~2.2 g/kg carbohydrate) lunch meal at 13:30 - 2.5 hours prior to commencing exercise at 16:00.

Behavioral: High-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal

Fasted Exercise

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants will skip lunch, and continue fasting since breakfast (08:00) before commencing exercise at 16:00. Therefore, exercise will commence after an 8 hour period of fasting.

Behavioral: Fasted Exercise

Interventions

Low-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal BEHAVIORAL

Sixty minutes of cycling at 60% VO2peak will take place on a stationary bicycle ergometer at 16:00, after having consumed a low-carbohydrate lunch meal (\<10% carbohydrate; 35% estimated energy requirements) 2.5 hours prior.

Low-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal

High-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal BEHAVIORAL

Sixty minutes of cycling at 60% VO2peak will take place on a stationary bicycle ergometer at 16:00, after having consumed a high-carbohydrate lunch meal (\~2.2 g/kg carbohydrate; 35% estimated energy requirements) 2.5 hours prior.

High-Carbohydrate Pre-Exercise Meal

Fasted Exercise BEHAVIORAL

Sixty minutes of cycling at 60% VO2peak will take place on a stationary bicycle ergometer at 16:00, after having skipped lunch, and having consumed nothing other than plain water since breakfast (08:00; 25% estimated energy requirements). Exercise will therefore commence after an 8 hour period of fasting.

Fasted Exercise

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 40 Years
• Sex: male
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Non-smokers (due to the well-known impact of smoking on appetite.
• Not currently on a weight management program or have an unusual eating pattern (i.e., extended fasting periods \>8 h other than overnight).
• Have maintained a stable weight for 6 months (self-reported).
• No history of gastric, digestive, cardiovascular or renal disease (self-reported).

You may not qualify if:

• Severe food allergies, dislike or intolerance of study foods or drinks.
• Currently undergoing a lifestyle intervention (structured diet or exercise).
• Diagnosis of a condition or currently undergoing treatment therapy known to affect glucose or lipid metabolism (e.g., type-2 diabetes, taking statins), or contraindications to exercise.
• Use of medication or supplements that may affect hormone concentrations and/or substrate metabolism.
• Excessive alcohol consumption (\>14 units/week).
• Intensive training schedule (\>10 hours/week).

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Nottingham Trent University: lead
• Loughborough University: collaborator

Study Sites (2)

Loughborough University

Loughborough, Leicestershire, LE11 3TU, United Kingdom

Location

Nottingham Trent University

Nottingham, Nottinghamshire, NG11 8NS, United Kingdom

Location

Related Publications (8)

• Edinburgh RM, Bradley HE, Abdullah NF, Robinson SL, Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Walhin JP, Joanisse S, Manolopoulos KN, Philp A, Hengist A, Chabowski A, Brodsky FM, Koumanov F, Betts JA, Thompson D, Wallis GA, Gonzalez JT. Lipid Metabolism Links Nutrient-Exercise Timing to Insulin Sensitivity in Men Classified as Overweight or Obese. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2020 Mar 1;105(3):660-76. doi: 10.1210/clinem/dgz104.

  PMID: 31628477 BACKGROUND

• Van Proeyen K, Szlufcik K, Nielens H, Pelgrim K, Deldicque L, Hesselink M, Van Veldhoven PP, Hespel P. Training in the fasted state improves glucose tolerance during fat-rich diet. J Physiol. 2010 Nov 1;588(Pt 21):4289-302. doi: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.196493.

  PMID: 20837645 BACKGROUND

• Edinburgh RM, Hengist A, Smith HA, Travers RL, Betts JA, Thompson D, Walhin JP, Wallis GA, Hamilton DL, Stevenson EJ, Tipton KD, Gonzalez JT. Skipping Breakfast Before Exercise Creates a More Negative 24-hour Energy Balance: A Randomized Controlled Trial in Healthy Physically Active Young Men. J Nutr. 2019 Aug 1;149(8):1326-1334. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxz018.

  PMID: 31321428 BACKGROUND

• Bachman JL, Deitrick RW, Hillman AR. Exercising in the Fasted State Reduced 24-Hour Energy Intake in Active Male Adults. J Nutr Metab. 2016;2016:1984198. doi: 10.1155/2016/1984198. Epub 2016 Sep 21.

  PMID: 27738523 BACKGROUND

• Rowlands DS, Hopkins WG. Effects of high-fat and high-carbohydrate diets on metabolism and performance in cycling. Metabolism. 2002 Jun;51(6):678-90. doi: 10.1053/meta.2002.32723.

  PMID: 12037719 BACKGROUND

• Oliveira CLP, Boule NG, Berg A, Sharma AM, Elliott SA, Siervo M, Ghosh S, Prado CM. Consumption of a High-Protein Meal Replacement Leads to Higher Fat Oxidation, Suppression of Hunger, and Improved Metabolic Profile After an Exercise Session. Nutrients. 2021 Jan 5;13(1):155. doi: 10.3390/nu13010155.

  PMID: 33466462 BACKGROUND

• Kendzierski, D., & DeCarlo, K. J. (1991). Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale: Two Validation Studies. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 13(1), 50-64. doi:10.1123/jsep.13.1.50.

  BACKGROUND

• Rothschild JA, Kilding AE, Broome SC, Stewart T, Cronin JB, Plews DJ. Pre-Exercise Carbohydrate or Protein Ingestion Influences Substrate Oxidation but Not Performance or Hunger Compared with Cycling in the Fasted State. Nutrients. 2021 Apr 14;13(4):1291. doi: 10.3390/nu13041291.

  PMID: 33919779 BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Obesity; Metabolic Syndrome

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Overweight; Overnutrition; Nutrition Disorders; Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases; Body Weight; Signs and Symptoms; Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms; Insulin Resistance; Hyperinsulinism; Glucose Metabolism Disorders; Metabolic Diseases

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT
• Masking Details: Due to the obvious differences between fasting and consuming food, participants will be aware of when they have been assigned to the fasted condition. However, the low- and high-carbohydrate content lunch meals will be closely matched for taste, with carbohydrate content being manipulated within a drink. Participants will not be informed that the carbohydrate content of the lunch meals is being manipulated, and will therefore, be blinded to this element of the study.
• Purpose: BASIC SCIENCE
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Principle Investigator

Model Details: The study design is a randomised, controlled, crossover design in which participants undertake three exercise conditions in a randomised order with at least a seven day period in between trials.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: August 12, 2021
• First Posted: November 4, 2021
• Study Start: September 1, 2021
• Primary Completion: June 30, 2022
• Study Completion: June 30, 2022
• Last Updated: September 14, 2022

Record last verified: 2022-09

Locations

GB (2)