NCT05099497

Brief Summary

In Ontario, approximately 6,000 family physicians can access a secure online system that provides a report that lists the COVID-19 vaccination status for each patient in their roster. This implementation trial tests a practice facilitation intervention that aims to support family physicians to access their vaccination reports and effectively communicate with their unvaccinated patients. The facilitator will help develop action plans and offer a range of options, including co-hosted online town-halls, support for medical office assistants to coordinate patient outreach, and/or connection to trained, volunteer medical students that can help with patient outreach.

Trial Health

87
On Track

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment
600

participants targeted

Target at P75+ for not_applicable

Timeline
Completed

Started Nov 2021

Geographic Reach
1 country

1 active site

Status
completed

Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.

Trial Relationships

Click on a node to explore related trials.

Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

October 5, 2021

Completed
24 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

October 29, 2021

Completed
17 days until next milestone

Study Start

First participant enrolled

November 15, 2021

Completed
4 months until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

March 15, 2022

Completed
8 months until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

November 15, 2022

Completed
Last Updated

April 24, 2024

Status Verified

April 1, 2024

Enrollment Period

4 months

First QC Date

October 5, 2021

Last Update Submit

April 22, 2024

Conditions

Keywords

Covid19Vaccine UptakeVaccine HesitancyVaccine ConfidenceCommunity OutreachAudit and Feedback

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

  • Any vaccine dose during follow-up interval

    Count of vaccine doses among rostered patients 12+/100 patients

    approximately 4 months (from time of randomization until follow-up completed end of fiscal year, March 31, 2022)

Secondary Outcomes (4)

  • 1st vaccine dose during follow-up interval

    4 months

  • 2nd vaccine dose during follow-up interval

    4 months

  • 3rd vaccine dose during follow-up interval

    4 months

  • Pediatric dose during follow-up interval

    4 months

Other Outcomes (6)

  • Any engagement

    4 months

  • Medical office assistant engagement

    4 months

  • Report data engagement

    4 months

  • +3 more other outcomes

Study Arms (2)

Intervention group: Practice facilitation and additional support

EXPERIMENTAL

Ontario Health will send out letters to physicians in the intervention group that will explain to them that they have a large group of eligible and unvaccinated patients and that an initiative is planned to support them in reaching out to those patients, with an embedded evaluation. It will ask them to reach out to the research team to plan a time to access the supports to gather more information, or to opt-out from the evaluation. Specifically, physicians will receive invitations to receive practice facilitation via mail letter and fax, followed by up to five weekly phone calls from a team member at Ontario Health.

Other: Using Practice Facilitators to Support Physicians

Control group- No intervention

NO INTERVENTION

We choose to include a control group as we do not have the resources to deliver the intervention to the entire physician group. Cluster randomization by primary practice address will limit contamination.

Interventions

Utilize practice facilitators to empower family physicians to contact those who remain unvaccinated have better access to the COVID-19 vaccine.

Intervention group: Practice facilitation and additional support

Eligibility Criteria

Sexall
Healthy VolunteersYes
Age GroupsChild (0-17), Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

  • ,690 family physicians across Ontario who have active (up-to-date passwords) ONE ID accounts

You may not qualify if:

  • family physicians across Ontario who do not have an active ONE ID account
  • family physicians with less than 300 rostered patients
  • family physicians with more than 3000 rostered patients

Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.

Sponsors & Collaborators

Study Sites (1)

Women's College Hospital

Toronto, Ontario, M5S1B2, Canada

Location

Related Publications (56)

  • Jarrett C, Wilson R, O'Leary M, Eckersberger E, Larson HJ; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy - A systematic review. Vaccine. 2015 Aug 14;33(34):4180-90. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.040. Epub 2015 Apr 18.

    PMID: 25896377BACKGROUND
  • COVID19Tracker.ca: Ontario Vaccination Data, 2021

    BACKGROUND
  • Semeniuk I: How many COVID-19 vaccine doses could make the difference between a fourth wave in Canada and no wave at all? New models offer four scenarios, The Globe and Mail, 2021

    BACKGROUND
  • Gilkey MB, Calo WA, Moss JL, Shah PD, Marciniak MW, Brewer NT. Provider communication and HPV vaccination: The impact of recommendation quality. Vaccine. 2016 Feb 24;34(9):1187-92. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.01.023. Epub 2016 Jan 24.

    PMID: 26812078BACKGROUND
  • Lu PJ, Yankey D, Fredua B, O'Halloran AC, Williams C, Markowitz LE, Elam-Evans LD. Association of Provider Recommendation and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Initiation among Male Adolescents Aged 13-17 Years-United States. J Pediatr. 2019 Mar;206:33-41.e1. doi: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2018.10.034. Epub 2018 Nov 15.

    PMID: 30448270BACKGROUND
  • Cataldi JR, Kerns ME, O'Leary ST. Evidence-based strategies to increase vaccination uptake: a review. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2020 Feb;32(1):151-159. doi: 10.1097/MOP.0000000000000843.

    PMID: 31790027BACKGROUND
  • Dahrouge S, Glazier R, Hogg W: Defining measures of panel size. Primary health care system (PHCS) Program, 2010

    BACKGROUND
  • Ontario College of Family Physicians: With Vaccines Coming, Family Doctors Could Jab Millions More If Fully Involved, 2021

    BACKGROUND
  • Anderson EL. Recommended solutions to the barriers to immunization in children and adults. Mo Med. 2014 Jul-Aug;111(4):344-8.

    PMID: 25211867BACKGROUND
  • SAGE Working Group: Report of the SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy. Geneva: World Health Organization, 2014

    BACKGROUND
  • Briss PA, Rodewald LE, Hinman AR, Shefer AM, Strikas RA, Bernier RR, Carande-Kulis VG, Yusuf HR, Ndiaye SM, Williams SM. Reviews of evidence regarding interventions to improve vaccination coverage in children, adolescents, and adults. The Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Am J Prev Med. 2000 Jan;18(1 Suppl):97-140. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(99)00118-x.

    PMID: 10806982BACKGROUND
  • Fu LY, Zimet GD, Latkin CA, Joseph JG. Associations of trust and healthcare provider advice with HPV vaccine acceptance among African American parents. Vaccine. 2017 Feb 1;35(5):802-807. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.12.045. Epub 2017 Jan 4.

    PMID: 28063706BACKGROUND
  • BeWORKS Research Group: COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Behavioural Lens on a Critical Problem, 2021

    BACKGROUND
  • Dube E, Gagnon D, MacDonald NE; SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Strategies intended to address vaccine hesitancy: Review of published reviews. Vaccine. 2015 Aug 14;33(34):4191-203. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.041. Epub 2015 Apr 18.

    PMID: 25896385BACKGROUND
  • Lau R, Stevenson F, Ong BN, Dziedzic K, Treweek S, Eldridge S, Everitt H, Kennedy A, Qureshi N, Rogers A, Peacock R, Murray E. Achieving change in primary care--effectiveness of strategies for improving implementation of complex interventions: systematic review of reviews. BMJ Open. 2015 Dec 23;5(12):e009993. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009993.

    PMID: 26700290BACKGROUND
  • Ivers N, Jamtvedt G, Flottorp S, Young JM, Odgaard-Jensen J, French SD, O'Brien MA, Johansen M, Grimshaw J, Oxman AD. Audit and feedback: effects on professional practice and healthcare outcomes. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Jun 13;2012(6):CD000259. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD000259.pub3.

    PMID: 22696318BACKGROUND
  • Bordley WC, Chelminski A, Margolis PA, Kraus R, Szilagyi PG, Vann JJ. The effect of audit and feedback on immunization delivery: a systematic review. Am J Prev Med. 2000 May;18(4):343-50. doi: 10.1016/s0749-3797(00)00126-4.

    PMID: 10788739BACKGROUND
  • Desveaux L, Ivers NM, Devotta K, Ramji N, Weyman K, Kiran T. Unpacking the intention to action gap: a qualitative study understanding how physicians engage with audit and feedback. Implement Sci. 2021 Feb 17;16(1):19. doi: 10.1186/s13012-021-01088-1.

    PMID: 33596946BACKGROUND
  • Ivers NM, Sales A, Colquhoun H, Michie S, Foy R, Francis JJ, Grimshaw JM. No more 'business as usual' with audit and feedback interventions: towards an agenda for a reinvigorated intervention. Implement Sci. 2014 Jan 17;9:14. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-9-14.

    PMID: 24438584BACKGROUND
  • Dube E, Gagnon D, Vivion M. Optimizing communication material to address vaccine hesitancy. Can Commun Dis Rep. 2020 Feb 6;46(2-3):48-52. doi: 10.14745/ccdr.v46i23a05. eCollection 2020 Feb 6.

    PMID: 32167088BACKGROUND
  • Glazier R, Hutchison B, Kopp A: Comparison of family health teams to other Ontario primary care models 2004/05 to 2011/12. 2015, 2019

    BACKGROUND
  • Jonah L, Pefoyo AK, Lee A, Hader J, Strasberg S, Kupets R, Chiarelli AM, Tinmouth J. Evaluation of the effect of an audit and feedback reporting tool on screening participation: The Primary Care Screening Activity Report (PCSAR). Prev Med. 2017 Mar;96:135-143. doi: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2016.12.002. Epub 2016 Dec 5.

    PMID: 27923667BACKGROUND
  • Witmer A, Seifer SD, Finocchio L, Leslie J, O'Neil EH. Community health workers: integral members of the health care work force. Am J Public Health. 1995 Aug;85(8 Pt 1):1055-8. doi: 10.2105/ajph.85.8_pt_1.1055.

    PMID: 7625495BACKGROUND
  • Eng E, Young R: Lay health advisors as community change agents. Family & Community Health: The Journal of Health Promotion & Maintenance, 1992

    BACKGROUND
  • Eng E, Hatch JW: Networking between agencies and black churches: the lay health advisor model. Prevention in Human Services 10:123-146, 1991

    BACKGROUND
  • Wallerstein N, Bernstein E. Introduction to community empowerment, participatory education, and health. Health Educ Q. 1994 Summer;21(2):141-8. doi: 10.1177/109019819402100202. No abstract available.

    PMID: 8021144BACKGROUND
  • Koch E, Thompson A, Keegan P: Community health workers: a leadership brief on preventive health programs. Washington, DC: The CivicHealth Institute at Codman Square Health Center and the Harrison Institute for Public Law at Georgetown University Law Center and the Center for Policy Alternatives, 1998

    BACKGROUND
  • Kegler MC, Stern R, Whitecrow-Ollis S, Malcoe LH. Assessing lay health advisor activity in an intervention to prevent lead poisoning in Native American children. Health Promot Pract. 2003 Apr;4(2):189-96. doi: 10.1177/1524839902250774.

    PMID: 14610989BACKGROUND
  • Baskerville NB, Liddy C, Hogg W. Systematic review and meta-analysis of practice facilitation within primary care settings. Ann Fam Med. 2012 Jan-Feb;10(1):63-74. doi: 10.1370/afm.1312.

    PMID: 22230833BACKGROUND
  • Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality: Engaging Primary Care Practices in Quality Improvement: Strategies for Practice Facilitators, 2015

    BACKGROUND
  • Higgins T, Schottenfeld L, Crossen J: Primary Care Practice Facilitation Curriculum (Module 25). 2015

    BACKGROUND
  • Glasgow RE, Vogt TM, Boles SM. Evaluating the public health impact of health promotion interventions: the RE-AIM framework. Am J Public Health. 1999 Sep;89(9):1322-7. doi: 10.2105/ajph.89.9.1322.

    PMID: 10474547BACKGROUND
  • Shelton RC, Chambers DA, Glasgow RE. An Extension of RE-AIM to Enhance Sustainability: Addressing Dynamic Context and Promoting Health Equity Over Time. Front Public Health. 2020 May 12;8:134. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00134. eCollection 2020.

    PMID: 32478025BACKGROUND
  • Glasgow RE, Askew S, Purcell P, Levine E, Warner ET, Stange KC, Colditz GA, Bennett GG. Use of RE-AIM to Address Health Inequities: Application in a low-income community health center based weight loss and hypertension self-management program. Transl Behav Med. 2013 Jun 1;3(2):200-210. doi: 10.1007/s13142-013-0201-8.

    PMID: 23750180BACKGROUND
  • Loudon K, Treweek S, Sullivan F, Donnan P, Thorpe KE, Zwarenstein M. The PRECIS-2 tool: designing trials that are fit for purpose. BMJ. 2015 May 8;350:h2147. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h2147. No abstract available.

    PMID: 25956159BACKGROUND
  • Wolfenden L, Foy R, Presseau J, Grimshaw JM, Ivers NM, Powell BJ, Taljaard M, Wiggers J, Sutherland R, Nathan N, Williams CM, Kingsland M, Milat A, Hodder RK, Yoong SL. Designing and undertaking randomised implementation trials: guide for researchers. BMJ. 2021 Jan 18;372:m3721. doi: 10.1136/bmj.m3721.

    PMID: 33461967BACKGROUND
  • Weijer C, Grimshaw JM, Eccles MP, McRae AD, White A, Brehaut JC, Taljaard M; Ottawa Ethics of Cluster Randomized Trials Consensus Group. The Ottawa Statement on the Ethical Design and Conduct of Cluster Randomized Trials. PLoS Med. 2012;9(11):e1001346. doi: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001346. Epub 2012 Nov 20.

    PMID: 23185138BACKGROUND
  • Canadian Institutes of Health Research NSaERCoC, and Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada T-CPS: Ethical Conduct for Research Involving Humans, December 2014

    BACKGROUND
  • Matheson FI, Dunn JR, Smith KL, Moineddin R, Glazier RH. Development of the Canadian Marginalization Index: a new tool for the study of inequality. Can J Public Health. 2012 Apr 30;103(8 Suppl 2):S12-6. doi: 10.1007/BF03403823.

    PMID: 23618065BACKGROUND
  • Zou GY, Donner A. Extension of the modified Poisson regression model to prospective studies with correlated binary data. Stat Methods Med Res. 2013 Dec;22(6):661-70. doi: 10.1177/0962280211427759. Epub 2011 Nov 8.

    PMID: 22072596BACKGROUND
  • Moore GF, Audrey S, Barker M, Bond L, Bonell C, Hardeman W, Moore L, O'Cathain A, Tinati T, Wight D, Baird J. Process evaluation of complex interventions: Medical Research Council guidance. BMJ. 2015 Mar 19;350:h1258. doi: 10.1136/bmj.h1258.

    PMID: 25791983BACKGROUND
  • Rixon L, Baron J, McGale N, Lorencatto F, Francis J, Davies A. Methods used to address fidelity of receipt in health intervention research: a citation analysis and systematic review. BMC Health Serv Res. 2016 Nov 18;16(1):663. doi: 10.1186/s12913-016-1904-6.

    PMID: 27863484BACKGROUND
  • Toomey E, Hardeman W, Hankonen N, Byrne M, McSharry J, Matvienko-Sikar K, Lorencatto F. Focusing on fidelity: narrative review and recommendations for improving intervention fidelity within trials of health behaviour change interventions. Health Psychol Behav Med. 2020 Mar 12;8(1):132-151. doi: 10.1080/21642850.2020.1738935.

    PMID: 34040865BACKGROUND
  • Atkins L, Francis J, Islam R, O'Connor D, Patey A, Ivers N, Foy R, Duncan EM, Colquhoun H, Grimshaw JM, Lawton R, Michie S. A guide to using the Theoretical Domains Framework of behaviour change to investigate implementation problems. Implement Sci. 2017 Jun 21;12(1):77. doi: 10.1186/s13012-017-0605-9.

    PMID: 28637486BACKGROUND
  • Presseau J, McCleary N, Lorencatto F, Patey AM, Grimshaw JM, Francis JJ. Action, actor, context, target, time (AACTT): a framework for specifying behaviour. Implement Sci. 2019 Dec 5;14(1):102. doi: 10.1186/s13012-019-0951-x.

    PMID: 31806037BACKGROUND
  • Desveaux L, Saragosa M, Russell K, McCleary N, Presseau J, Witteman HO, Schwalm JD, Ivers NM. How and why a multifaceted intervention to improve adherence post-MI worked for some (and could work better for others): an outcome-driven qualitative process evaluation. BMJ Open. 2020 Sep 3;10(9):e036750. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036750.

    PMID: 32883724BACKGROUND
  • Solar O, Irwin A: A conceptual framework for action on the social determinants of health, WHO Document Production Services, 2010

    BACKGROUND
  • Dean HD, Williams KM, Fenton KA. From theory to action: applying social determinants of health to public health practice. Public Health Rep. 2013 Nov;128 Suppl 3(Suppl 3):1-4. doi: 10.1177/00333549131286S301. No abstract available.

    PMID: 24179272BACKGROUND
  • Ramey J, Boren T, Cuddihy E, et al: Does think aloud work? how do we know? Presented at the CHI '06 Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Montréal, Québec, Canada, 2006

    BACKGROUND
  • Crawshaw J KK, Castillo G, van Allen Z, Grimshaw JM, Presseau J: Factors affecting COVID-19 vaccination acceptance and uptake among the general public: a living behavioural science evidence synthesis (v2, May 31st, 2021). 2021

    BACKGROUND
  • Michie S, van Stralen MM, West R. The behaviour change wheel: a new method for characterising and designing behaviour change interventions. Implement Sci. 2011 Apr 23;6:42. doi: 10.1186/1748-5908-6-42.

    PMID: 21513547BACKGROUND
  • Braun V, Clarke V: Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology 3:77-101, 2006

    BACKGROUND
  • Glick HA, Doshi JA, Sonnad SS, et al: Economic evaluation in clinical trials, OUP Oxford, 2014

    BACKGROUND
  • Husereau D, Drummond M, Petrou S, Carswell C, Moher D, Greenberg D, Augustovski F, Briggs AH, Mauskopf J, Loder E; ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines-CHEERS Good Reporting Practices Task Force. Consolidated Health Economic Evaluation Reporting Standards (CHEERS)--explanation and elaboration: a report of the ISPOR Health Economic Evaluation Publication Guidelines Good Reporting Practices Task Force. Value Health. 2013 Mar-Apr;16(2):231-50. doi: 10.1016/j.jval.2013.02.002.

    PMID: 23538175BACKGROUND
  • Shuldiner J, Shah NU, Bar-Ziv S, Kaplan DM, Green ME, Bahniwal R, Bogoch II, Nowak DA, Desveaux L, Taljaard M, Presseau J, Witteman HO, Lofters A, Kiran T, Mauti J, Gill S, Ariyarajah A, Chishtie J, Tsang D, Tradrous M, Warshafsky D, Hu J, Vohra-Miller S, Ivers N. Practice Facilitation to Support Primary Care Physicians With COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2025 May 1;8(5):e259967. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.9967.

  • Shuldiner J, Shah H, Bar-Ziv S, Mauti J, Kaplan D, Tradrous M, Green ME, Bogoch I, Nowak DA, Mehta K, Desveaux L, Marshall LJ, Ikura S, Taljaard M, Hu J, Vohra-Miller S, Presseau J, Witteman H, Lofters A, Kiran T, Ivers N. Practice Facilitation to Support Family Physicians in Encouraging COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake: A Multimethod Process Evaluation. Ann Fam Med. 2023 Nov-Dec;21(6):526-533. doi: 10.1370/afm.3041.

MeSH Terms

Conditions

COVID-19Vaccination Hesitancy

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Pneumonia, ViralPneumoniaRespiratory Tract InfectionsInfectionsVirus DiseasesCoronavirus InfectionsCoronaviridae InfectionsNidovirales InfectionsRNA Virus InfectionsLung DiseasesRespiratory Tract DiseasesVaccination RefusalTreatment RefusalTreatment Adherence and ComplianceHealth BehaviorBehavior

Study Officials

  • Noah Ivers, MD

    Women's College Hospital

    PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

Study Type
interventional
Phase
not applicable
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Masking
SINGLE
Who Masked
INVESTIGATOR
Purpose
HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Model Details: Cluster randomized-control trial
Sponsor Type
OTHER
Responsible Party
SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

First Submitted

October 5, 2021

First Posted

October 29, 2021

Study Start

November 15, 2021

Primary Completion

March 15, 2022

Study Completion

November 15, 2022

Last Updated

April 24, 2024

Record last verified: 2024-04

Data Sharing

IPD Sharing
Will not share

Data analysis will take place at the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences (ICES). Ontario Health will provide ICES with a list of physicians that were in either the control or intervention group. This list will be transferred to ICES using a secure portal process (axway). Data will be captured from administrative databases (including COVaxON registry data) held at ICES. Data will be linked at the physician level using their encrypted CPSO (College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario) number.

Locations