Emails Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers
Evaluation of an Email Intervention Promoting COVID-19 Vaccination Among Healthcare Workers
1 other identifier
interventional
9,566
1 country
1
Brief Summary
In this evaluation, two versions of emails will be sent to Geisinger employees who have not been vaccinated against COVID-19. A delayed-contact control group will be emailed after a delay of at least two days. The researchers hypothesize that either of the emails - which use content informed by behavioral nudge theory - will lead to more COVID-19 vaccinations than the delayed-contact control group.
Trial Health
Trial Health Score
Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach
participants targeted
Target at P75+ for not_applicable
Started Jan 2021
1 active site
Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.
Trial Relationships
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Study Timeline
Key milestones and dates
Study Start
First participant enrolled
January 15, 2021
CompletedPrimary Completion
Last participant's last visit for primary outcome
January 17, 2021
CompletedStudy Completion
Last participant's last visit for all outcomes
January 20, 2021
CompletedFirst Submitted
Initial submission to the registry
January 26, 2021
CompletedFirst Posted
Study publicly available on registry
January 28, 2021
CompletedResults Posted
Study results publicly available
July 26, 2021
CompletedJuly 26, 2021
July 1, 2021
2 days
January 26, 2021
July 16, 2021
July 22, 2021
Conditions
Keywords
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcomes (1)
Number of Employees Who Scheduled Vaccination Appointments After 3 Days
Binary variable of a scheduled vaccination appointment 3 days after the emails were sent
3 days
Secondary Outcomes (2)
Number of Employees Who Opened Emails After 3 Days
3 days
Number of Employees Who Clicked Scheduling Links After 3 Days
3 days
Other Outcomes (3)
Number of Employees Who Scheduled Vaccination Appointments Until Policy Change (4 Days)
4 days
Number of Employees Who Opened Emails Until Policy Change (4 Days)
4 days
Number of Employees Who Clicked the Scheduling Link Until Policy Change (4 Days)
4 days
Study Arms (3)
Delayed Contact
NO INTERVENTIONThis group will not receive an email for at least two days.
Social Proof
EXPERIMENTALThis group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also emphasizes how many fellow health care workers have been vaccinated. Seeing the behaviors of other people might encourage recipients to copy that behavior.
Reframing Side Effects and Adverse Reactions
EXPERIMENTALThis group will receive an email that points out that vaccine availability for employees will soon be limited. It also addresses concerns about the side effects and adverse reactions of the vaccine. Due to potentially overblown concerns about the vaccine caused by the salience of side effects in the (social) media, the email attempts to reframe the risks by explicitly noting the small possibility of being affected by serious side effects and by contrasting that to the more severe effects of COVID-19. As a result of this reframing, recipients might recalibrate their perception of risks and benefits and opt for vaccination.
Interventions
Eligibility Criteria
You may qualify if:
- Employees at Geisinger Health System who have not gotten a COVID-19 vaccination
You may not qualify if:
- None
Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.
Sponsors & Collaborators
- Geisinger Cliniclead
Study Sites (1)
Geisinger
Danville, Pennsylvania, 17822, United States
Related Publications (1)
Santos HC, Goren A, Chabris CF, Meyer MN. Effect of Targeted Behavioral Science Messages on COVID-19 Vaccination Registration Among Employees of a Large Health System: A Randomized Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jul 1;4(7):e2118702. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18702.
PMID: 34319359DERIVED
MeSH Terms
Conditions
Interventions
Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)
Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)
Limitations and Caveats
In the original ClinicalTrials record, the researchers preregistered that the study would examine primary and secondary outcomes after two days. This was extended to about three days, which was the time when the delayed control group was emailed. This altered timing was dictated by when the organization's marketing department was ready to send emails to the delayed control group.
Results Point of Contact
- Title
- Amir Goren, PhD
- Organization
- Geisinger Clinic
Study Officials
- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Michelle M Meyer, PhD
Geisinger Clinic
Publication Agreements
- PI is Sponsor Employee
- Yes
Study Design
- Study Type
- interventional
- Phase
- not applicable
- Allocation
- RANDOMIZED
- Masking
- DOUBLE
- Who Masked
- PARTICIPANT, CARE PROVIDER
- Masking Details
- Participants will not know what group they are in. The relevant care provider (either their primary care provider or provider administering the vaccine) will not know about this study or assignment into groups.
- Purpose
- PREVENTION
- Intervention Model
- PARALLEL
- Sponsor Type
- OTHER
- Responsible Party
- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
- PI Title
- Faculty Co-Director, Behavioral Insights Team
Study Record Dates
First Submitted
January 26, 2021
First Posted
January 28, 2021
Study Start
January 15, 2021
Primary Completion
January 17, 2021
Study Completion
January 20, 2021
Last Updated
July 26, 2021
Results First Posted
July 26, 2021
Record last verified: 2021-07
Data Sharing
- IPD Sharing
- Will share
- Shared Documents
- STUDY PROTOCOL, ANALYTIC CODE
- Time Frame
- The data will become available after publication of study results in a scientific journal and will be available as long as the Open Science Framework hosts the data.
- Access Criteria
- The data on the Open Science Framework will be open to anyone requesting that information.
Data with no personally identifiable information will be made available to other researchers on the Open Science Framework for transparency. This will include the essential data and code needed to replicate the analysis that yielded reported findings.