Using 360° Videos in the Treatment of Anxiety Disorders
Targeting Avoidant Behaviours in Anxiety Disorders Using Individualized 360° Videos: a Multiple Single Case Design
1 other identifier
interventional
5
1 country
1
Brief Summary
This study aims to test the feasibility and efficacy of an individualized exposure intervention using 360-degree videos for social anxiety and agoraphobia. A multiple single case design is followed with a pre-post-follow up assessment and multiple baselines. In addition, an experience sampling method is used to explore the role of dysfunctional beliefs and self-efficacy in the efficacy intervention.
Trial Health
Trial Health Score
Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach
participants targeted
Target at below P25 for not_applicable
Started Jan 2021
Shorter than P25 for not_applicable
1 active site
Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.
Trial Relationships
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Study Timeline
Key milestones and dates
First Submitted
Initial submission to the registry
December 22, 2020
CompletedStudy Start
First participant enrolled
January 4, 2021
CompletedFirst Posted
Study publicly available on registry
January 5, 2021
CompletedPrimary Completion
Last participant's last visit for primary outcome
October 31, 2021
CompletedStudy Completion
Last participant's last visit for all outcomes
October 31, 2021
CompletedOctober 5, 2021
September 1, 2021
10 months
December 22, 2020
September 27, 2021
Conditions
Keywords
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcomes (39)
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Baseline : up to 4 weeks before intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Baseline : up to 3 weeks before intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Baseline : up to 2 weeks before intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Post intervention : last day of intervention, week 11
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Post intervention : 1 week after intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Post intervention : 2 week after intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Follow up : Three months after intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Follow up : 3 months and 1 week after intervention
Social anxiety: avoidance
The French version of the LSAS-SR was used to assess the levels of anxiety and avoidance associated with social situations. The LSAS-SR consists of 24 items describing four types of situations: (1) social interactions, (2) public speaking, (3) eating and drinking in public, (4) being observed. Each item is rated on a 3-point scale according to both the level of fear (0 = "no fear" to 3 = "severe") and the level of avoidance (0 = "never" to 3 = "Usually"). A general total score can be obtained by summing all items and specific score of avoidance and fear as well as scores for specific type of situations can be obtained by summing specific items.
Follow up : 3 months and 2 weeks after intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Baseline : up to 4 weeks before intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Baseline : up to 3 weeks before intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Baseline : up to 2 weeks before intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Post intervention : last day of intervention, week 11
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Post intervention : 1 week after intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Post intervention : 2 week after intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Follow up : 3 months after intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Follow up : 3 months and 1 week after intervention
Social anxiety: severity
The French version of the SIAS was used to assess social anxiety severity. The SIAS consists of 20 self-statements describing one's reaction to situations that involve social interaction. Each item is rated on a 4-point Likert scale ranging from 0 = "not at all characteristic or true of me" to 4 "extremely characteristic or true of me". The SIAS is scored by summing the ratings. Total score ranges from 0 to 80, with higher scores representing higher levels of social interaction anxiety.
Follow up : 3 months and 2 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Baseline : up to 4 weeks before intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Baseline : up to 3 weeks before intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Baseline : up to 2 weeks before intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Post intervention : last day of intervention, week 11
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Post intervention : 1 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Post intervention : 2 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Follow up : 3 months after intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Follow up : 3 months and 1 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: avoidance
The French version of the MIA was used to assess the levels of agoraphobic avoidance. The MIA consists of 25 items describing agoraphobic situations. Each item is rated according to the level of avoidance on a 5-point Likert scale ranging from 1 = "never avoid" to 5 = "always avoid", both when the participants are accompanied or alone. One final question concerns the number of panic attacks during the last week. The MIA provides a score for situations alone or accompanied by summing the ratings. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance.
Follow up : 3 months and 2 weeks after intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Baseline : up to 4 weeks before intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Baseline : up to 3 weeks before intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Baseline : up to 2 weeks before intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Post intervention : last day of intervention, week 11
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Post intervention : 1 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Post intervention : 2 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Follow up : 3 months after intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Follow up : 3 months and 1 week after intervention
Agoraphobia: Severity
The French version of the Panic and Agoraphobia Scale consists of 13 items divided in five subscales: (1) panic attacks, (2) agoraphobia, (3) anticipatory anxiety, (4) interference with family/hobbies/working and (5) worries about health. Each item is rated on a specific 5-point scale, with higher scores indicating higher severity. The PAS is scored by summing the subscales and all items with a total score ranging from 13 to 52.
Follow up : 3 months and 2 weeks after intervention
Multiple measures for change in levels of anxiety
A questionnaire comprising four questions regarding the daily rate of avoidant behaviours, approach behaviours, level of anxiety and the severity of anxiety consequences. The questionnaire was sent every day to the participant via a mobile app. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance, approach, anxiety and severity of anxiety consequences.
Baseline : 1x/day (up to 3 week before the intervention)
Multiple measures for change in levels of anxiety
A questionnaire comprising four questions regarding the daily rate of avoidant behaviours, approach behaviours, level of anxiety and the severity of anxiety consequences. The questionnaire was sent every day to the participant via a mobile app. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance, approach, anxiety and severity of anxiety consequences.
Intervention : 1x/day (11weeks)
Multiple measures for change in levels of anxiety
A questionnaire comprising four questions regarding the daily rate of avoidant behaviours, approach behaviours, level of anxiety and the severity of anxiety consequences. The questionnaire was sent every day to the participant via a mobile app. Higher scores indicate higher levels of avoidance, approach, anxiety and severity of anxiety consequences.
Post-intervention : 1x/day (3 weeks)
Secondary Outcomes (18)
Depression Anxiety and Stress
Baseline : up to three weeks before intervention
Depression Anxiety and Stress
Post intervention : 1 weeks after intervention
Depression Anxiety and Stress
Follow up : 3 months after intervention
Self-efficacy toward managing the situation, the occurrence of the feared outcome and the fear itself
Baseline : up to three weeks before intervention
Self-efficacy toward managing the situation, the occurrence of the feared outcome and the fear itself
Post intervention : 1 weeks after intervention
- +13 more secondary outcomes
Other Outcomes (5)
Credibility and expectancy of treatment
Baseline : up to three weeks before intervention
Credibility and expectancy of treatment
Post intervention : 1 weeks after intervention
Client Satisfaction towards the treatment
Post intervention : 1 weeks after intervention
- +2 more other outcomes
Study Arms (1)
Exposure intervention
EXPERIMENTALEleven individual sessions.
Interventions
The intervention consists of eleven sessions. The first five sessions are dedicated to functional assessment and psychoeducation. The second five sessions are dedicated to exposure in 360-degree videos. The last session is provided for relapse prevention.
Eligibility Criteria
You may qualify if:
- Primary diagnostic (DSM 5) of social anxiety or agoraphobia
- High level of avoidance
- French-speaking
- Having a mobile phone which met VR reading criteria
You may not qualify if:
- Having a history of psychotic or bipolar disorder
- Having a history of severe brain trauma or epilepsy
- Having a history of respiratory disturbances
- With a concurrent additional psychotherapy
- With acute suicidal ideation
- With a primary diagnosis of depression
- With a non stabilized medication
- Auto medication with alcohol or other substances
- Having migraine or motion sickness
Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.
Sponsors & Collaborators
Study Sites (1)
University of Liège
Liège, 4000, Belgium
MeSH Terms
Conditions
Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)
Study Design
- Study Type
- interventional
- Phase
- not applicable
- Allocation
- NA
- Masking
- NONE
- Masking Details
- All assessment pre-post and follow up were realized by an external assessor. The results were blinded to the main psychotherapist (and investigator) until the end of the study.
- Purpose
- TREATMENT
- Intervention Model
- SINGLE GROUP
- Sponsor Type
- OTHER
- Responsible Party
- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
- PI Title
- Principal Investigator
Study Record Dates
First Submitted
December 22, 2020
First Posted
January 5, 2021
Study Start
January 4, 2021
Primary Completion
October 31, 2021
Study Completion
October 31, 2021
Last Updated
October 5, 2021
Record last verified: 2021-09
Data Sharing
- IPD Sharing
- Will not share
Data and analyses will be available from an online repository or from the principal investigator