NCT02621476

Brief Summary

The investigators propose a randomized encouragement trial to encourage use of the existing mail order pharmacy services among diabetes patients with poor adherence to CVD risk factor medications in 3 health care systems: Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Harvard Pilgrim, and Kaiser Permanente Hawaii.

Trial Health

87
On Track

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment
63,012

participants targeted

Target at P75+ for not_applicable diabetes-mellitus

Timeline
Completed

Started Feb 2017

Longer than P75 for not_applicable diabetes-mellitus

Geographic Reach
1 country

1 active site

Status
completed

Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.

Trial Relationships

Click on a node to explore related trials.

Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

November 19, 2015

Completed
14 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

December 3, 2015

Completed
1.2 years until next milestone

Study Start

First participant enrolled

February 1, 2017

Completed
1.3 years until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

May 30, 2018

Completed
4 years until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

May 30, 2022

Completed
1.2 years until next milestone

Results Posted

Study results publicly available

August 8, 2023

Completed
Last Updated

August 8, 2023

Status Verified

August 1, 2023

Enrollment Period

1.3 years

First QC Date

November 19, 2015

Results QC Date

October 18, 2022

Last Update Submit

August 4, 2023

Conditions

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

  • Percent of Participants Using Mail Order Pharmacy (MOP) After Intervention

    users of the mail order pharmacy service - if they utilized the mail order system to deliver medications anytime in the 12 months following the date of outreach into the intervention

    12 months following the date of outreach into the intervention

Study Arms (2)

Standardized intervention

EXPERIMENTAL

Standardized intervention to encourage mail order use and provide easily accessible information on how to access the service

Behavioral: Standardized intervention

Usual care

EXPERIMENTAL

Usual care

Behavioral: Usual care

Interventions

Standardized intervention to encourage mail order use and provide easily accessible information on how to access the service

Standardized intervention
Usual careBEHAVIORAL

Usual care

Usual care

Eligibility Criteria

Age18 Years+
Sexall
Healthy VolunteersNo
Age GroupsAdult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

  • Diabetes patients who are users of CVD risk factor medications (antihypertensive therapies, antihyperlipidemics therapies, and oral antihyperglycemic therapies),
  • Diabetes patients considered to be poorly adherent to CVD risk factor medications within the prior 12 months
  • Diabetes patients who have not used the mail order pharmacy to fill any prescribed medications at least once in the prior 12 months

You may not qualify if:

  • Pregnancy or Dementia/Traumatic Brain Injury diagnosis in the prior 12 months
  • Hospitalized, in Skilled Nursing Facility, Hospice, or Home Health at the time of randomization.

Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.

Sponsors & Collaborators

Study Sites (1)

Division of Research

Oakland, California, 94501, United States

Location

Related Publications (43)

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    PMID: 16895275BACKGROUND
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    PMID: 18000177BACKGROUND
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    PMID: 21309834BACKGROUND
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    PMID: 19480090BACKGROUND
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    PMID: 15076819BACKGROUND
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    PMID: 17439645BACKGROUND
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  • Lee JK, Grace KA, Taylor AJ. Effect of a pharmacy care program on medication adherence and persistence, blood pressure, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2006 Dec 6;296(21):2563-71. doi: 10.1001/jama.296.21.joc60162. Epub 2006 Nov 13.

    PMID: 17101639BACKGROUND
  • Duru OK, Schmittdiel JA, Dyer WT, Parker MM, Uratsu CS, Chan J, Karter AJ. Mail-order pharmacy use and adherence to diabetes-related medications. Am J Manag Care. 2010 Jan;16(1):33-40.

    PMID: 20148603BACKGROUND
  • Schmittdiel JA, Karter AJ, Dyer W, Parker M, Uratsu C, Chan J, Duru OK. The comparative effectiveness of mail order pharmacy use vs. local pharmacy use on LDL-C control in new statin users. J Gen Intern Med. 2011 Dec;26(12):1396-402. doi: 10.1007/s11606-011-1805-7. Epub 2011 Jul 20.

    PMID: 21773848BACKGROUND
  • Sharma KP, Taylor TN. Pharmacy effect on adherence to antidiabetic medications. Med Care. 2012 Aug;50(8):685-91. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e318249d800.

    PMID: 22354211BACKGROUND
  • Zhang L, Zakharyan A, Stockl KM, Harada AS, Curtis BS, Solow BK. Mail-order pharmacy use and medication adherence among Medicare Part D beneficiaries with diabetes. J Med Econ. 2011;14(5):562-7. doi: 10.3111/13696998.2011.598200. Epub 2011 Jul 6.

    PMID: 21728913BACKGROUND
  • Devine S, Vlahiotis A, Sundar H. A comparison of diabetes medication adherence and healthcare costs in patients using mail order pharmacy and retail pharmacy. J Med Econ. 2010;13(2):203-11. doi: 10.3111/13696991003741801.

    PMID: 20345227BACKGROUND
  • Fernandez EV, McDaniel JA, Carroll NV. Examination of the Link Between Medication Adherence and Use of Mail-Order Pharmacies in Chronic Disease States. J Manag Care Spec Pharm. 2016 Nov;22(11):1247-1259. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2016.22.11.1247.

    PMID: 27783552BACKGROUND
  • Johnsrud M, Lawson KA, Shepherd MD. Comparison of mail-order with community pharmacy in plan sponsor cost and member cost in two large pharmacy benefit plans. J Manag Care Pharm. 2007 Mar;13(2):122-34. doi: 10.18553/jmcp.2007.13.2.122.

    PMID: 17330973BACKGROUND
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    PMID: 15991755BACKGROUND
  • Karter AJ, Parker MM, Duru OK, Schillinger D, Adler NE, Moffet HH, Adams AS, Chan J, Herman WH, Schmittdiel JA. Impact of a pharmacy benefit change on new use of mail order pharmacy among diabetes patients: the Diabetes Study of Northern California (DISTANCE). Health Serv Res. 2015 Apr;50(2):537-59. doi: 10.1111/1475-6773.12223. Epub 2014 Aug 15.

    PMID: 25131156BACKGROUND
  • Schmittdiel JA, Marshall CJ, Wiley D, Chau CV, Trinacty CM, Wharam JF, Duru OK, Karter AJ, Brown SD. Opportunities to encourage mail order pharmacy delivery service use for diabetes prescriptions: a qualitative study. BMC Health Serv Res. 2019 Jun 25;19(1):422. doi: 10.1186/s12913-019-4250-7.

    PMID: 31238950BACKGROUND
  • Raebel MA, Schmittdiel J, Karter AJ, Konieczny JL, Steiner JF. Standardizing terminology and definitions of medication adherence and persistence in research employing electronic databases. Med Care. 2013 Aug;51(8 Suppl 3):S11-21. doi: 10.1097/MLR.0b013e31829b1d2a.

    PMID: 23774515BACKGROUND
  • Schmittdiel JA, Adams SR, Goler N, Sanna RS, Boccio M, Bellamy DJ, Brown SD, Neugebauer RS, Ferrara A. The impact of telephonic wellness coaching on weight loss: A "Natural Experiments for Translation in Diabetes (NEXT-D)" study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2017 Feb;25(2):352-356. doi: 10.1002/oby.21723.

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  • Thomas TW, Dyer WT, Yassin M, Neugebauer R, Karter AJ, Schmittdiel JA. Is Shelter-in-Place Policy Related to Mail Order Pharmacy Use and Racial/Ethnic Disparities for Patients With Diabetes? Diabetes Care. 2021 Jun;44(6):e113-e114. doi: 10.2337/dc20-2686. Epub 2021 Apr 13. No abstract available.

  • Ramachandran B, Trinacty CM, Wharam JF, Duru OK, Dyer WT, Neugebauer RS, Karter AJ, Brown SD, Marshall CJ, Wiley D, Ross-Degnan D, Schmittdiel JA. A Randomized Encouragement Trial to Increase Mail Order Pharmacy Use and Medication Adherence in Patients with Diabetes. J Gen Intern Med. 2021 Jan;36(1):154-161. doi: 10.1007/s11606-020-06237-8. Epub 2020 Oct 1.

Related Links

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Diabetes Mellitus

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Glucose Metabolism DisordersMetabolic DiseasesNutritional and Metabolic DiseasesEndocrine System Diseases

Results Point of Contact

Title
Julie Schmittdiel, PhD, MA
Organization
Kaiser Permanente Northern California

Study Officials

  • Julie A Schmittdiel

    Research Scientist

    PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Publication Agreements

PI is Sponsor Employee
No
Restrictive Agreement
No

Study Design

Study Type
interventional
Phase
not applicable
Allocation
RANDOMIZED
Masking
NONE
Purpose
HEALTH SERVICES RESEARCH
Intervention Model
PARALLEL
Sponsor Type
OTHER
Responsible Party
SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

First Submitted

November 19, 2015

First Posted

December 3, 2015

Study Start

February 1, 2017

Primary Completion

May 30, 2018

Study Completion

May 30, 2022

Last Updated

August 8, 2023

Results First Posted

August 8, 2023

Record last verified: 2023-08

Data Sharing

IPD Sharing
Will not share

Locations