Effects of Different Caffeine Forms on Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Performance

NCT07497685 | Completed DMC

• 1 other identifier: GAUN-EXERCISE-CAFFEINE
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 14
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

This study investigated the effects of different caffeine delivery forms on aerobic and anaerobic exercise performance in healthy adults. Participants completed experimental trials involving caffeine capsule ingestion, caffeine gum chewing, and caffeine mouth rinse conditions. Aerobic performance was assessed using maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), and anaerobic performance was evaluated using the Wingate anaerobic test. The study used a randomized crossover design where each participant completed all experimental conditions.

Conditions

Exercise Performance; Physical Performance

Keywords

Caffeine Aerobic Performance Anaerobic Performance VO2max Wingate Test Ergogenic Aid Exercise Physiology

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)

  Description: Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).Metric: Milliliters per kilogram per minute (ml/kg/min)

  Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention

• Aerobic Capacity (VO2max)

  Estimated maximal oxygen uptake calculated via the 20-meter shuttle run test (Beep Test).

  Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention

• Anaerobic Average Power

  The mean power output maintained over the duration of a 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test

  Measured after each 48-hour washout period following the specific caffeine or placebo intervention.

Study Arms (3)

Caffeine Capsule

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants ingest 300 mg of anhydrous caffeine in tablet form with 100 mL of water exactly 60 minutes prior to exercise. This timing is selected to allow for gastrointestinal absorption and to reach peak plasma concentration.

Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun

Caffeine Gum

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants chew caffeinated gum (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 5 minutes, finishing just before the exercises begin. This method utilizes rapid transmucosal absorption through the oral mucosa to potentially bypass first-pass metabolism.

Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun

Caffeine Mouth Rinse

EXPERIMENTAL

Participants rinse with 25 mL of a 1.2% caffeine solution (containing 300 mg of caffeine) for 10 seconds immediately before the exercises and then expectorate the solution completely. Swallowing is strictly prohibited to ensure the effect is triggered primarily through oropharyngeal receptors rather than systemic absorption.

Other: Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun

Interventions

Comparative Acute Effects of Caffeine Delivery Forms (Capsule, Chewing Gum, Mouth Rinse) on Aerobic Capacity and Wingate Anaerobic Performance Outcomes in Recreational Male Athletes: A Randomized Coun OTHER

This study evaluates the acute effects of three distinct caffeine delivery methods compared to a placebo, using a standardized total dose of 300 mg of caffeine across all active interventions. The study is a randomized, single-blind, counterbalanced crossover trial involving 14 recreational male athletes. The interventions are distinguished by their specific absorption kinetics and ecologically valid administration timings

Caffeine Capsule; Caffeine Gum; Caffeine Mouth Rinse

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 25 Years
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Being a healthy male recreational athlete between the ages of 18-25.
• Having at least 2 years of regular training history (3-4 days per week).
• Being a non-smoker and having no chronic diseases or musculoskeletal injuries.
• Willingness to abstain from caffeine, alcohol, and strenuous exercise 48 hours before each test session.

You may not qualify if:

• Having a known allergy or sensitivity to caffeine.
• Using any other performance-enhancing supplements during the study period.
• Failure to adhere to the standardized nutritional or sleep requirements before testing.
• Inability to complete all four experimental trials (Capsule, Gum, Rinse, Placebo).

Sponsors & Collaborators

• University of Gaziantep: lead

Study Sites (1)

Gaziantep University, Faculty of Sport Science (Athletic Performance Laboratory)

Şehitkamil, Gaziantep, 27310, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (10)

• https://doi.org/10.5812/asjsm.34607

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0776-1

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.1080/17461391.2019.1601261

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-014-0257-8

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2018-100278

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57010008

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-017-0848-2

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-020-00383-4

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.2478/hukin-2021-0070

  BACKGROUND

• https://doi.org/10.23751/pn.v25i3.14659

  BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Interventions

Capsules; Chewing Gum; Mouthwashes

Intervention Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Dosage Forms; Pharmaceutical Preparations; Plant Gums; Biopolymers; Polymers; Macromolecular Substances; Polysaccharides; Carbohydrates; Plant Exudates; Biological Products; Complex Mixtures; Candy; Food; Diet, Food, and Nutrition; Physiological Phenomena; Food and Beverages; Biomedical and Dental Materials; Specialty Uses of Chemicals; Chemical Actions and Uses; Cosmetics; Manufactured Materials; Technology, Industry, and Agriculture

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: NONE
• Purpose: OTHER
• Intervention Model: CROSSOVER
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Researcher

Model Details: Participants completed all experimental conditions in a randomized crossover order. Each participant performed exercise tests under three different caffeine administration conditions (caffeine capsule, caffeine gum, and caffeine mouth rinse). The order of the conditions was randomized, and adequate washout periods were provided between trials to minimize carryover effects.

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: March 23, 2026
• First Posted: March 27, 2026
• Study Start: October 10, 2024
• Primary Completion: November 10, 2024
• Study Completion: March 10, 2025
• Last Updated: March 27, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-03

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share
• Shared Documents: STUDY PROTOCOL, SAP, CSR

Locations

TU (1)