Effects of Intrinsic Muscles Training on Pain, Balance and Foot Function in Patients With Pes Planus

NCT07426887 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: REC/RCR & AHS/24/0193
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 66
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The study was conducted to determine the Effects of intrinsic muscles training on pain, balance and foot function in patients with Pes Planus

Conditions

Pes Planus

Keywords

Medial longitudinal arch; flat foot; Intrinsic foot muscles; pes planus; navicular drop; short foot exercise

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (3)

• Numeric pain rating scale

  Numeric Pain rating scale is used to evaluate pain. It consists of 11 points, having score ranging from 0 to 10, where 0 represents no pain, 1-3 represents mild pain, 4-6 represents moderate pain and 7-10 represents severe pain.

  From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.

• Berg Balance scale

  The Berg Balance Scale is a scale used to assess functional balance. It evaluates both dynamic and static balance through 14 tasks regarding mobility

  From enrolment to the end of treatment at 6 weeks.

• Foot Function Index

  Foot Function Index questionnaire is used to measure the impact of foot pathology on pain, disability and activity restriction

  From enrolment to end of treatment at 6 weeks.

Study Arms (2)

Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy

EXPERIMENTAL

Other: Intrinsic Muscles Training; Other: conventional therapy

Control Group: Conventional therapy

ACTIVE COMPARATOR

Other: conventional therapy

Interventions

Intrinsic Muscles Training OTHER

Intrinsic muscle training includes Feet rolling exercise, Toe flexion (curls) exercise, Big toe extension exercise, Short foot exercise and Towel gathering exercise. All these exercises were performed by the participants of Experimental group in 3 sets each set comprising 10-20 repetitions.

Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy

conventional therapy OTHER

Conventional physical therapy session includes * Electric hot pack on moderate intensity for 10 min * TENS for 20 minutes on conventional mode * Stretching of calf muscles 3 sets of 5 stretches in each session * Ankle pumps 10 repetitions.

Control Group: Conventional therapy; Experimental Group: Intrinsic Muscle Training + Conventional Therapy

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 20 Years - 45 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)

You may qualify if:

• Age group between 20 to 45 years
• Both male and female
• Patients with a flat foot (Congenital and acquired both)
• Patients with Collapsed arch
• Navicular drop ≥10mm

You may not qualify if:

• Acute fracture to lower limb
• Any foot surgery over past 12 months
• Patients with club foot
• Patients with poliomyelitis
• Navicular drop \< 10mm

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Riphah International University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Imran Idrees Teaching Hospital

Sialkot, Punjab Province, 51310, Pakistan

Location

Related Publications (10)

• Preethi K, Kamalakannan M, Anitha A, Ramana K. Effectiveness of Jumping Rope Exercise Verses Short Foot Exercise on Pain and Quality of Life for Subjects with Flat Foot. Indian Journal of Physiotherapy & Occupational Therapy. 2024;18.

  BACKGROUND

• Khisty A, Kulkarni R, Desai P, Palekar TJ. Effect of short foot exercises on patients with flexible flat foot: a pre-post experimental study. Int J Health Sci Res. 2022;12(1):105-10.

  BACKGROUND

• Unver B, Erdem EU, Akbas E. Effects of Short-Foot Exercises on Foot Posture, Pain, Disability, and Plantar Pressure in Pes Planus. J Sport Rehabil. 2019 Oct 18;29(4):436-440. doi: 10.1123/jsr.2018-0363. Print 2020 May 1.

  PMID: 30860412 BACKGROUND

• Demircioglu G, Genc H. The impact of different exercise approaches on balance in people with pes planus. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2025;33(1).

  BACKGROUND

• Mulligan EP, Cook PG. Effect of plantar intrinsic muscle training on medial longitudinal arch morphology and dynamic function. Man Ther. 2013 Oct;18(5):425-30. doi: 10.1016/j.math.2013.02.007. Epub 2013 Apr 28.

  PMID: 23632367 BACKGROUND

• Hara S, Kitano M, Kudo S. The effects of short foot exercises to treat flat foot deformity: A systematic review. J Back Musculoskelet Rehabil. 2023;36(1):21-33. doi: 10.3233/BMR-210374.

  PMID: 35871320 BACKGROUND

• Effects of exercise training programs on postural control and dynamic balance in individuals with flat feet and cavus feet: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Rehabilitation Sciences & Research. 2023;10(1):1-8.

  BACKGROUND

• Moon D, Jung J. Effect of Incorporating Short-Foot Exercises in the Balance Rehabilitation of Flat Foot: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Healthcare (Basel). 2021 Oct 13;9(10):1358. doi: 10.3390/healthcare9101358.

  PMID: 34683038 BACKGROUND

• Saleh M, Elimy D, Ibrahim A, Moharam A. Effect of backward walking training on foot posture and balance in flat foot adults. Physiotherapy Quarterly. 2022;30(2):24-9.

  BACKGROUND

• Iram A, Aman M, Aziz K, Abdullah B, Chaudhary AS. Effect of Short Foot Exercises on Pain and Foot Posture in Patients with Acquired Pes Planus. Journal of Health, Wellness and Community Research. 2025:e837-e

  BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Flatfoot

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Talipes; Foot Deformities, Acquired; Foot Deformities; Musculoskeletal Diseases; Foot Deformities, Congenital; Lower Extremity Deformities, Congenital; Limb Deformities, Congenital; Musculoskeletal Abnormalities; Congenital Abnormalities; Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities

Study Officials

• Naila Kanwal

  Riphah International University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: OUTCOMES ASSESSOR
• Purpose: TREATMENT
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: February 17, 2026
• First Posted: February 23, 2026
• Study Start: January 13, 2025
• Primary Completion: May 31, 2025
• Study Completion: October 31, 2025
• Last Updated: February 23, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-02

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

PA (1)