NCT07185971

Brief Summary

This is a research study to evaluate the effectiveness of the PAVE (Parallactic Visual-Field Enhancement) System for the treatment of chronic visual field loss due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or brain surgery. The PAVE regimen involves the use of a virtual reality headset to deliver visual stimulation to subjects diagnosed with visual field loss. The primary objective is to demonstrate that there is an improvement in the visual field after use of the PAVE therapy over a period of eight weeks with three sessions per week. The primary outcome is an increase in visual field area as measured with Goldmann-type kinetic perimetry. The secondary outcome will be demonstration that the subjective assessment of visual function using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) is better after PAVE therapy when compared to before therapy. The participants will visit the investigators office at the start of the study to establish a baseline for visual field size and visual field function. The subject will use PAVE in the office or at home three times per week for eight weeks. There will be twenty four therapy sessions in total. At four weeks the subject will visit the office and have perimetry measurements. At eight weeks the subject will visit the office and have perimetry measurements and complete the NEI-VFQ survey. Four weeks after the completion of the therapy sessions a follow up visit will take place where visual field measurement using kinetic perimetry and NEI-VFQ will be administered.

Trial Health

77
On Track

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment
20

participants targeted

Target at below P25 for not_applicable

Timeline
3mo left

Started Mar 2026

Shorter than P25 for not_applicable

Geographic Reach
1 country

2 active sites

Status
recruiting

Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.

Trial Relationships

Click on a node to explore related trials.

Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

Study Progress39%
Mar 2026Aug 2026

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

September 11, 2025

Completed
11 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

September 22, 2025

Completed
6 months until next milestone

Study Start

First participant enrolled

March 16, 2026

Completed
4 months until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

July 1, 2026

Expected
1 month until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

August 1, 2026

Last Updated

April 2, 2026

Status Verified

March 1, 2026

Enrollment Period

4 months

First QC Date

September 11, 2025

Last Update Submit

March 27, 2026

Conditions

Keywords

PAVEParallactic Visual-Field EnhancementNeuroAEyechronic visual field loss

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

  • Population Mean Change in Visual Field Area

    The visual field area is derived from the isopter plot output of semiautomated kinetic perimetry. A baseline visual field area will be taken and subsequent measurements will be compared to the baseline.

    Visual field area will be assessed at the baseline, week 4, week 8, and follow up at week 12.

Secondary Outcomes (1)

  • Proportion of subjects showing improvement.

    The proportion of the subjects showing improvement will be assessed at week 4, week 8, and at the follow up at week 12.

Other Outcomes (1)

  • Change in Subjective Visual Function

    NEI-VFQ will be administered at baseline, at week 8, again at the 4 week post-treatment follow up which is week 12.

Study Arms (1)

Test

EXPERIMENTAL

Treatment using actual PAVE therapy software operating on a virtual reality head mounted display three times per week for eight weeks.

Device: PAVE (Parallactic Visual-Field Enhancement) treatment using a virtual reality head mounted display

Interventions

PAVE (Parallactic Visual-Field Enhancement) treatment is visual stimulation using a virtual reality head mounted display. The treatment is three times per week and entails two 7 minute sessions separated by a minimum 1 minute intermission. The actual therapy is preceded by a visual field assessment and is followed by a second visual field assessment.

Test

Eligibility Criteria

Age21 Years - 80 Years
Sexall
Healthy VolunteersNo
Age GroupsAdult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)

You may qualify if:

  • This study will include patients at least 6 months after the CVA or TBI or brain surgery event and up to ten (10) years after onset
  • The patients shall have a definitive diagnosis of homonymous hemianopia or quadrantanopia or generalized constriction.

You may not qualify if:

  • Presence of any physical, neurological, or mental disability that would interfere with receiving the therapy.
  • Concurrent use of another visual therapy
  • Concurrent use of medications judged to affect training (amphetamines, dopamine, etc.)
  • Presence of ocular or neurological conditions that would interfere with training or cause a visual impairment including no residual vision, disorders of the eye, non-optic nerve heteronymous visual field defects
  • Insufficient fixation ability
  • Use of life supporting external medical device such as infusion pumps, ventricular assist devices, etc.
  • Presence of active implantable medical device including but not limited to cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, nerve stimulators, cochlear implants, etc.
  • Subjects with known photosensitive epilepsy.
  • Subjects with chronic active infections on the head and face should be excluded from the study
  • Patients with known immune disorders for whom an infection could be life threatening should be excluded from the study.

Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.

Sponsors & Collaborators

Study Sites (2)

Dr. D. M. Fitzgerald & Associates

Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52404, United States

RECRUITING

Neuro-Vision Associates of North Texas

Prospect, Kentucky, 40059, United States

RECRUITING

Related Publications (28)

  • Zahid S, Peeler C, Khan N, Davis J, Mahmood M, Heckenlively JR, Jayasundera T. Digital quantification of Goldmann visual fields (GVFs) as a means for genotype-phenotype comparisons and detection of progression in retinal degenerations. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;801:131-7. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_17.

    PMID: 24664690BACKGROUND
  • Pe'er J, Zajicek G, Barzel I. Computerised evaluation of visual fields. Br J Ophthalmol. 1983 Jan;67(1):50-3. doi: 10.1136/bjo.67.1.50. No abstract available.

    PMID: 6848135BACKGROUND
  • Barry MP, Bittner AK, Yang L, Marcus R, Iftikhar MH, Dagnelie G. Variability and Errors of Manually Digitized Goldmann Visual Fields. Optom Vis Sci. 2016 Jul;93(7):720-30. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000869.

    PMID: 27058594BACKGROUND
  • Christoforidis JB. Volume of visual field assessed with kinetic perimetry and its application to static perimetry. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:535-41. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S18815. Epub 2011 Apr 26.

    PMID: 21573042BACKGROUND
  • Bittner AK, Iftikhar MH, Dagnelie G. Test-retest, within-visit variability of Goldmann visual fields in retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Oct 11;52(11):8042-6. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8321.

    PMID: 21896857BACKGROUND
  • Rowe FJ, Hepworth LR, Hanna KL, Mistry M, Noonan CP. Accuracy of kinetic perimetry assessment with the Humphrey 850; an exploratory comparative study. Eye (Lond). 2019 Dec;33(12):1952-1960. doi: 10.1038/s41433-019-0520-1. Epub 2019 Jul 22.

    PMID: 31332292BACKGROUND
  • Barnes CS, Schuchard RA, Birch DG, Dagnelie G, Wood L, Koenekoop RK, Bittner AK. Reliability of Semiautomated Kinetic Perimetry (SKP) and Goldmann Kinetic Perimetry in Children and Adults With Retinal Dystrophies. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 11;8(3):36. doi: 10.1167/tvst.8.3.36. eCollection 2019 May.

    PMID: 31211001BACKGROUND
  • Goodwin D. Homonymous hemianopia: challenges and solutions. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014 Sep 22;8:1919-27. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S59452. eCollection 2014.

    PMID: 25284978BACKGROUND
  • Grunda T, Marsalek P, Sykorova P. Homonymous hemianopia and related visual defects: Restoration of vision after a stroke. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2013;73(2):237-49. doi: 10.55782/ane-2013-1933.

    PMID: 23823985BACKGROUND
  • Bouwmeester L, Heutink J, Lucas C. The effect of visual training for patients with visual field defects due to brain damage: a systematic review. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2007 Jun;78(6):555-64. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2006.103853. Epub 2006 Nov 29.

    PMID: 17135455BACKGROUND
  • Gall C, Sabel BA. Reading performance after vision rehabilitation of subjects with homonymous visual field defects. PM R. 2012 Dec;4(12):928-35. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.08.020. Epub 2012 Nov 2.

    PMID: 23122896BACKGROUND
  • Poggel DA, Mueller I, Kasten E, Bunzenthal U, Sabel BA. Subjective and objective outcome measures of computer-based vision restoration training. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(2):173-87. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2010-0594.

    PMID: 20871147BACKGROUND
  • Kasten E, Bunzenthal U, Sabel BA. Visual field recovery after vision restoration therapy (VRT) is independent of eye movements: an eye tracker study. Behav Brain Res. 2006 Nov 25;175(1):18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.024. Epub 2006 Sep 12.

    PMID: 16970999BACKGROUND
  • Mueller I, Mast H, Sabel BA. Recovery of visual field defects: a large clinical observational study using vision restoration therapy. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2007;25(5-6):563-72.

    PMID: 18334773BACKGROUND
  • Gall C, Mueller I, Gudlin J, Lindig A, Schlueter D, Jobke S, Franke GH, Sabel BA. Vision- and health-related quality of life before and after vision restoration training in cerebrally damaged patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2008;26(4-5):341-53.

    PMID: 18997310BACKGROUND
  • Poggel DA, Kasten E, Sabel BA. Attentional cueing improves vision restoration therapy in patients with visual field defects. Neurology. 2004 Dec 14;63(11):2069-76. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000145773.26378.e5.

    PMID: 15596752BACKGROUND
  • I. Mueller, D. Poggel, S. Kenkel, E. Kasten and B. A. Sabel, "Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT) after brain damage: subjective improvements of activities of daily life and their relationship to visual field enlargements.," Visual Impairment Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 157-178, 2003.

    BACKGROUND
  • Marshall RS, Ferrera JJ, Barnes A, Xian Zhang, O'Brien KA, Chmayssani M, Hirsch J, Lazar RM. Brain activity associated with stimulation therapy of the visual borderzone in hemianopic stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008 Mar-Apr;22(2):136-44. doi: 10.1177/1545968307305522. Epub 2007 Aug 14.

    PMID: 17698955BACKGROUND
  • Plow EB, Obretenova SN, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A, Merabet LB. Comparison of visual field training for hemianopia with active versus sham transcranial direct cortical stimulation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Jul-Aug;26(6):616-26. doi: 10.1177/1545968311431963. Epub 2012 Jan 30.

    PMID: 22291042BACKGROUND
  • Romano JG, Schulz P, Kenkel S, Todd DP. Visual field changes after a rehabilitation intervention: vision restoration therapy. J Neurol Sci. 2008 Oct 15;273(1-2):70-4. doi: 10.1016/j.jns.2008.06.026. Epub 2008 Jul 30.

    PMID: 18672255BACKGROUND
  • Julkunen L, Tenovuo O, Jaaskelainen S, Hamalainen H. Rehabilitation of chronic post-stroke visual field defect with computer-assisted training: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2003;21(1-2):19-28.

    PMID: 12808199BACKGROUND
  • Sabel BA, Kenkel S, Kasten E. Vision restoration therapy (VRT) efficacy as assessed by comparative perimetric analysis and subjective questionnaires. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22(6):399-420.

    PMID: 15798360BACKGROUND
  • Kasten E, Wust S, Behrens-Baumann W, Sabel BA. Computer-based training for the treatment of partial blindness. Nat Med. 1998 Sep;4(9):1083-7. doi: 10.1038/2079.

    PMID: 9734406BACKGROUND
  • Kasten E, Sabel BA. Visual field enlargement after computer training in brain-damaged patients with homonymous deficits: an open pilot trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 1995 Jan 1;8(3):113-27. doi: 10.3233/RNN-1995-8302.

    PMID: 21551894BACKGROUND
  • W. Padula, R. Munitz and W. M. Magrun, Neuro-Visual Processing Rehabilitation, Santa Ana, CA: Optometric Extension Program Foundation, 2012.

    BACKGROUND
  • R. Sanet and L. Press, "Spatial Vision," in Vision Rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011, pp. 77-152.

    BACKGROUND
  • Padula WV, Capo-Aponte JE, Padula WV, Singman EL, Jenness J. The consequence of spatial visual processing dysfunction caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj. 2017;31(5):589-600. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1291991. Epub 2017 Apr 25.

    PMID: 28440687BACKGROUND
  • Saionz EL, Tadin D, Melnick MD, Huxlin KR. Functional preservation and enhanced capacity for visual restoration in subacute occipital stroke. Brain. 2020 Jun 1;143(6):1857-1872. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa128.

    PMID: 32428211BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Hemianopsia

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Vision DisordersSensation DisordersNeurologic ManifestationsNervous System DiseasesBlindnessEye DiseasesSigns and SymptomsPathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms

Study Officials

  • DeAnn Fitzgerald, Doctor of Optometry

    Dr. D. M. Fitzgerald & Associates

    PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Central Study Contacts

Michael Lynch, BSME

CONTACT

Paige Clinical Study Coordinator

CONTACT

Study Design

Study Type
interventional
Phase
not applicable
Allocation
NA
Masking
NONE
Purpose
TREATMENT
Intervention Model
SINGLE GROUP
Model Details: Single arm study - all subjects receive treatment.
Sponsor Type
INDUSTRY
Responsible Party
SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

First Submitted

September 11, 2025

First Posted

September 22, 2025

Study Start

March 16, 2026

Primary Completion (Estimated)

July 1, 2026

Study Completion (Estimated)

August 1, 2026

Last Updated

April 2, 2026

Record last verified: 2026-03

Locations