PAVE (Parallactic Visual-Field Enhancement) System for Treatment of Chronic Visual Field Loss Due to Stroke, Traumatic Brain Injury, or Brain Surgery
1 other identifier
interventional
20
1 country
2
Brief Summary
This is a research study to evaluate the effectiveness of the PAVE (Parallactic Visual-Field Enhancement) System for the treatment of chronic visual field loss due to stroke, traumatic brain injury, or brain surgery. The PAVE regimen involves the use of a virtual reality headset to deliver visual stimulation to subjects diagnosed with visual field loss. The primary objective is to demonstrate that there is an improvement in the visual field after use of the PAVE therapy over a period of eight weeks with three sessions per week. The primary outcome is an increase in visual field area as measured with Goldmann-type kinetic perimetry. The secondary outcome will be demonstration that the subjective assessment of visual function using the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI-VFQ) is better after PAVE therapy when compared to before therapy. The participants will visit the investigators office at the start of the study to establish a baseline for visual field size and visual field function. The subject will use PAVE in the office or at home three times per week for eight weeks. There will be twenty four therapy sessions in total. At four weeks the subject will visit the office and have perimetry measurements. At eight weeks the subject will visit the office and have perimetry measurements and complete the NEI-VFQ survey. Four weeks after the completion of the therapy sessions a follow up visit will take place where visual field measurement using kinetic perimetry and NEI-VFQ will be administered.
Trial Health
Trial Health Score
Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach
participants targeted
Target at below P25 for not_applicable
Started Mar 2026
Shorter than P25 for not_applicable
2 active sites
Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.
Trial Relationships
Click on a node to explore related trials.
Study Timeline
Key milestones and dates
First Submitted
Initial submission to the registry
September 11, 2025
CompletedFirst Posted
Study publicly available on registry
September 22, 2025
CompletedStudy Start
First participant enrolled
March 16, 2026
CompletedPrimary Completion
Last participant's last visit for primary outcome
July 1, 2026
ExpectedStudy Completion
Last participant's last visit for all outcomes
August 1, 2026
April 2, 2026
March 1, 2026
4 months
September 11, 2025
March 27, 2026
Conditions
Keywords
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcomes (1)
Population Mean Change in Visual Field Area
The visual field area is derived from the isopter plot output of semiautomated kinetic perimetry. A baseline visual field area will be taken and subsequent measurements will be compared to the baseline.
Visual field area will be assessed at the baseline, week 4, week 8, and follow up at week 12.
Secondary Outcomes (1)
Proportion of subjects showing improvement.
The proportion of the subjects showing improvement will be assessed at week 4, week 8, and at the follow up at week 12.
Other Outcomes (1)
Change in Subjective Visual Function
NEI-VFQ will be administered at baseline, at week 8, again at the 4 week post-treatment follow up which is week 12.
Study Arms (1)
Test
EXPERIMENTALTreatment using actual PAVE therapy software operating on a virtual reality head mounted display three times per week for eight weeks.
Interventions
PAVE (Parallactic Visual-Field Enhancement) treatment is visual stimulation using a virtual reality head mounted display. The treatment is three times per week and entails two 7 minute sessions separated by a minimum 1 minute intermission. The actual therapy is preceded by a visual field assessment and is followed by a second visual field assessment.
Eligibility Criteria
You may qualify if:
- This study will include patients at least 6 months after the CVA or TBI or brain surgery event and up to ten (10) years after onset
- The patients shall have a definitive diagnosis of homonymous hemianopia or quadrantanopia or generalized constriction.
You may not qualify if:
- Presence of any physical, neurological, or mental disability that would interfere with receiving the therapy.
- Concurrent use of another visual therapy
- Concurrent use of medications judged to affect training (amphetamines, dopamine, etc.)
- Presence of ocular or neurological conditions that would interfere with training or cause a visual impairment including no residual vision, disorders of the eye, non-optic nerve heteronymous visual field defects
- Insufficient fixation ability
- Use of life supporting external medical device such as infusion pumps, ventricular assist devices, etc.
- Presence of active implantable medical device including but not limited to cardiac pacemakers, defibrillators, nerve stimulators, cochlear implants, etc.
- Subjects with known photosensitive epilepsy.
- Subjects with chronic active infections on the head and face should be excluded from the study
- Patients with known immune disorders for whom an infection could be life threatening should be excluded from the study.
Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.
Sponsors & Collaborators
- NeuroAEye LLClead
Study Sites (2)
Dr. D. M. Fitzgerald & Associates
Cedar Rapids, Iowa, 52404, United States
Neuro-Vision Associates of North Texas
Prospect, Kentucky, 40059, United States
Related Publications (28)
Zahid S, Peeler C, Khan N, Davis J, Mahmood M, Heckenlively JR, Jayasundera T. Digital quantification of Goldmann visual fields (GVFs) as a means for genotype-phenotype comparisons and detection of progression in retinal degenerations. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2014;801:131-7. doi: 10.1007/978-1-4614-3209-8_17.
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PMID: 6848135BACKGROUNDBarry MP, Bittner AK, Yang L, Marcus R, Iftikhar MH, Dagnelie G. Variability and Errors of Manually Digitized Goldmann Visual Fields. Optom Vis Sci. 2016 Jul;93(7):720-30. doi: 10.1097/OPX.0000000000000869.
PMID: 27058594BACKGROUNDChristoforidis JB. Volume of visual field assessed with kinetic perimetry and its application to static perimetry. Clin Ophthalmol. 2011;5:535-41. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S18815. Epub 2011 Apr 26.
PMID: 21573042BACKGROUNDBittner AK, Iftikhar MH, Dagnelie G. Test-retest, within-visit variability of Goldmann visual fields in retinitis pigmentosa. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011 Oct 11;52(11):8042-6. doi: 10.1167/iovs.11-8321.
PMID: 21896857BACKGROUNDRowe FJ, Hepworth LR, Hanna KL, Mistry M, Noonan CP. Accuracy of kinetic perimetry assessment with the Humphrey 850; an exploratory comparative study. Eye (Lond). 2019 Dec;33(12):1952-1960. doi: 10.1038/s41433-019-0520-1. Epub 2019 Jul 22.
PMID: 31332292BACKGROUNDBarnes CS, Schuchard RA, Birch DG, Dagnelie G, Wood L, Koenekoop RK, Bittner AK. Reliability of Semiautomated Kinetic Perimetry (SKP) and Goldmann Kinetic Perimetry in Children and Adults With Retinal Dystrophies. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2019 Jun 11;8(3):36. doi: 10.1167/tvst.8.3.36. eCollection 2019 May.
PMID: 31211001BACKGROUNDGoodwin D. Homonymous hemianopia: challenges and solutions. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014 Sep 22;8:1919-27. doi: 10.2147/OPTH.S59452. eCollection 2014.
PMID: 25284978BACKGROUNDGrunda T, Marsalek P, Sykorova P. Homonymous hemianopia and related visual defects: Restoration of vision after a stroke. Acta Neurobiol Exp (Wars). 2013;73(2):237-49. doi: 10.55782/ane-2013-1933.
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PMID: 17135455BACKGROUNDGall C, Sabel BA. Reading performance after vision rehabilitation of subjects with homonymous visual field defects. PM R. 2012 Dec;4(12):928-35. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2012.08.020. Epub 2012 Nov 2.
PMID: 23122896BACKGROUNDPoggel DA, Mueller I, Kasten E, Bunzenthal U, Sabel BA. Subjective and objective outcome measures of computer-based vision restoration training. NeuroRehabilitation. 2010;27(2):173-87. doi: 10.3233/NRE-2010-0594.
PMID: 20871147BACKGROUNDKasten E, Bunzenthal U, Sabel BA. Visual field recovery after vision restoration therapy (VRT) is independent of eye movements: an eye tracker study. Behav Brain Res. 2006 Nov 25;175(1):18-26. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2006.07.024. Epub 2006 Sep 12.
PMID: 16970999BACKGROUNDMueller I, Mast H, Sabel BA. Recovery of visual field defects: a large clinical observational study using vision restoration therapy. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2007;25(5-6):563-72.
PMID: 18334773BACKGROUNDGall C, Mueller I, Gudlin J, Lindig A, Schlueter D, Jobke S, Franke GH, Sabel BA. Vision- and health-related quality of life before and after vision restoration training in cerebrally damaged patients. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2008;26(4-5):341-53.
PMID: 18997310BACKGROUNDPoggel DA, Kasten E, Sabel BA. Attentional cueing improves vision restoration therapy in patients with visual field defects. Neurology. 2004 Dec 14;63(11):2069-76. doi: 10.1212/01.wnl.0000145773.26378.e5.
PMID: 15596752BACKGROUNDI. Mueller, D. Poggel, S. Kenkel, E. Kasten and B. A. Sabel, "Vision Restoration Therapy (VRT) after brain damage: subjective improvements of activities of daily life and their relationship to visual field enlargements.," Visual Impairment Research, vol. 5, no. 3, pp. 157-178, 2003.
BACKGROUNDMarshall RS, Ferrera JJ, Barnes A, Xian Zhang, O'Brien KA, Chmayssani M, Hirsch J, Lazar RM. Brain activity associated with stimulation therapy of the visual borderzone in hemianopic stroke patients. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2008 Mar-Apr;22(2):136-44. doi: 10.1177/1545968307305522. Epub 2007 Aug 14.
PMID: 17698955BACKGROUNDPlow EB, Obretenova SN, Fregni F, Pascual-Leone A, Merabet LB. Comparison of visual field training for hemianopia with active versus sham transcranial direct cortical stimulation. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2012 Jul-Aug;26(6):616-26. doi: 10.1177/1545968311431963. Epub 2012 Jan 30.
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PMID: 18672255BACKGROUNDJulkunen L, Tenovuo O, Jaaskelainen S, Hamalainen H. Rehabilitation of chronic post-stroke visual field defect with computer-assisted training: a clinical and neurophysiological study. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2003;21(1-2):19-28.
PMID: 12808199BACKGROUNDSabel BA, Kenkel S, Kasten E. Vision restoration therapy (VRT) efficacy as assessed by comparative perimetric analysis and subjective questionnaires. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 2004;22(6):399-420.
PMID: 15798360BACKGROUNDKasten E, Wust S, Behrens-Baumann W, Sabel BA. Computer-based training for the treatment of partial blindness. Nat Med. 1998 Sep;4(9):1083-7. doi: 10.1038/2079.
PMID: 9734406BACKGROUNDKasten E, Sabel BA. Visual field enlargement after computer training in brain-damaged patients with homonymous deficits: an open pilot trial. Restor Neurol Neurosci. 1995 Jan 1;8(3):113-27. doi: 10.3233/RNN-1995-8302.
PMID: 21551894BACKGROUNDW. Padula, R. Munitz and W. M. Magrun, Neuro-Visual Processing Rehabilitation, Santa Ana, CA: Optometric Extension Program Foundation, 2012.
BACKGROUNDR. Sanet and L. Press, "Spatial Vision," in Vision Rehabilitation: Multidisciplinary Care of the Patient Following Brain Injury, Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2011, pp. 77-152.
BACKGROUNDPadula WV, Capo-Aponte JE, Padula WV, Singman EL, Jenness J. The consequence of spatial visual processing dysfunction caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI). Brain Inj. 2017;31(5):589-600. doi: 10.1080/02699052.2017.1291991. Epub 2017 Apr 25.
PMID: 28440687BACKGROUNDSaionz EL, Tadin D, Melnick MD, Huxlin KR. Functional preservation and enhanced capacity for visual restoration in subacute occipital stroke. Brain. 2020 Jun 1;143(6):1857-1872. doi: 10.1093/brain/awaa128.
PMID: 32428211BACKGROUND
MeSH Terms
Conditions
Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)
Study Officials
- PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
DeAnn Fitzgerald, Doctor of Optometry
Dr. D. M. Fitzgerald & Associates
Central Study Contacts
Study Design
- Study Type
- interventional
- Phase
- not applicable
- Allocation
- NA
- Masking
- NONE
- Purpose
- TREATMENT
- Intervention Model
- SINGLE GROUP
- Sponsor Type
- INDUSTRY
- Responsible Party
- SPONSOR
Study Record Dates
First Submitted
September 11, 2025
First Posted
September 22, 2025
Study Start
March 16, 2026
Primary Completion (Estimated)
July 1, 2026
Study Completion (Estimated)
August 1, 2026
Last Updated
April 2, 2026
Record last verified: 2026-03