Effects of VMI on Visual Perception, Spatial Awareness and Motor Skills in Preschool Children

NCT06955078 | Recruiting DMC

• 1 other identifier: REC/RCR/AHS/25/Hadeeqa Jabeen
• Study Type: interventional
• Target: 60
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The preschool stage is an important period for children to develop their motor, language, cognitive, and social-emotional skills. pre-school years are the best time to intervene and correct developmental delays. VMI is linked to learning-related tasks like writing, measuring it in youngsters is essential. Earlier studies reported that children with deficits in VMI had lower academic achievements, the inadequate spatial organization of written work, and lower performance in mathematics and reading performance. The Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration, Sixth Edition (Beery VMI-6), determined participants' VMI, VP and motor skills during the pre- and post-tests. Exposure to VMI tasks including, visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills can be enhanced. VP is assessed by Visual Perception Task (VP Task) and Motor Coordination Task (MC Task) and spatial awareness is assessed by BAS 3.The aim of study is to analyze effects of VMI on visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children. The current study will be randomized control trial; data will be collected from The Leaders Lyseum School Lahore. The study will include 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention. Tools used for data collection will be. Data will be analyzed through SPSS version 23.00.

Conditions

Preschool Children

Keywords

visual motor integration; preschool; visual perception; Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of VMI

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (2)

• Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration (Beery VMI)

  Visual Motor Integration Task (VMI Task) The Beery VMI 6th Edition (33) will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased. VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves.

  12 weeks

• Test of Spatial Assembly (TOSA)

  For each of the 2-D and 3-D portions of the TOSA, participants will receive a training trial followed by six test trials. During each test trial, the child will be shown a target figure composed of either 2-D geometric shapes or 3-D interlocking blocks. The child will be provided individual pieces, matching those in the target, and will be instructed to make their pieces look just like the target figure. The task required participants to exercise spatial visualization, shape decomposition and composition, and manual construction of complex shape forms in planar space and 3-dimensional space.

  12 Weeks

Study Arms (2)

Group A (Visual motor integration Group):

EXPERIMENTAL

Group A will perform all the class along with the VMI tasks include: * Drawing (pictures and shapes for geometry) * Handwriting components-letter formation, sizing, spacing, and line orientation * Gross motor and PE activities the VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities. * Discriminating and understanding left from right * Recognizing letters and numbers * Learning to read/write * Providing or obtaining directions * Visualizing objects or past experiences Visual skills can also impact a student's performance in the school setting as seen in the following: * Trouble discriminating left from right * Reversal of letter, numbers, or words when copying or writing * Mistaking words with similar beginnings when reading

Other: Visual Motor Integration

Group B

NO INTERVENTION

Only class work will be done by the students.

Interventions

Visual Motor Integration OTHER

The Beery Visual Motor Integration will be used to measure the integration of visual perception and motor skills as the participant children imitated and copied a developmentally sequential series of geometric forms using pencil and paper. As the task progressed, the levels of difficulty in geometric forms increased. VP task will be used to measure an individual's visual abilities without the integration of fine motor skills. Children will be asked to point to the item in the array, which was identical to the target figure. The choices will be written on answer sheets by experimenters or children themselves. Elapsed time will be recorded beginning with Item 7, and the task discontinued after 3 minutes. Children will be told to connect dots and to draw within provided borders. Elapsed time was recorded beginning with Item 7 and the task ended up after 5 minutes.

Group A (Visual motor integration Group):

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 4 Years - 6 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Child (0-17)

You may qualify if:

• Children were 4 to 6 years old
• No history of visual or neurological abnormalities

You may not qualify if:

• Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction
• Children wearing glasses

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Riphah International University: lead

Study Sites (1)

Imran Amjad

Lahore, Punjab Province, 54000, Pakistan

RECRUITING

Related Publications (6)

• Lin LY. Differences between preschool children using tablets and non-tablets in visual perception and fine motor skills. Hong Kong J Occup Ther. 2019 Dec;32(2):118-126. doi: 10.1177/1569186119888698. Epub 2019 Dec 6.

  PMID: 32009863 BACKGROUND

• Bolger LE, Bolger LA, O'Neill C, Coughlan E, O'Brien W, Lacey S, Burns C, Bardid F. Global levels of fundamental motor skills in children: A systematic review. J Sports Sci. 2021 Apr;39(7):717-753. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2020.1841405. Epub 2020 Dec 30.

  PMID: 33377417 BACKGROUND

• Prochaska E, Ammenwerth E. A Digital Box and Block Test for Hand Dexterity Measurement: Instrument Validation Study. JMIR Rehabil Assist Technol. 2023 Sep 15;10:e50474. doi: 10.2196/50474.

  PMID: 37713251 BACKGROUND

• Oberer N, Gashaj V, Roebers CM. Motor skills in kindergarten: Internal structure, cognitive correlates and relationships to background variables. Hum Mov Sci. 2017 Apr;52:170-180. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2017.02.002.

  PMID: 28222343 BACKGROUND

• Flores P, Coelho E, Mourao-Carvalhal I, Forte P. Relationships between Math Skills, Motor Skills, Physical Activity, and Obesity in Typically Developing Preschool Children. Behav Sci (Basel). 2023 Dec 7;13(12):1000. doi: 10.3390/bs13121000.

  PMID: 38131856 BACKGROUND

• Lopes L, Santos R, Pereira B, Lopes VP. Associations between gross motor coordination and academic achievement in elementary school children. Hum Mov Sci. 2013 Feb;32(1):9-20. doi: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.05.005. Epub 2012 Dec 20.

  PMID: 23260614 BACKGROUND

Study Officials

• Maria Amjad, MS-PT

  Riphah International University

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Central Study Contacts

IMRAN AMJAD, PhD

CONTACT

92333224390125; imran.amjad@riphah.edu.pk

Muhammad Asif Javed, MS-PT

CONTACT

923224209422; a.javed@riphah.edu.pk

Study Design

• Study Type: interventional
• Phase: not applicable
• Allocation: RANDOMIZED
• Masking: SINGLE
• Who Masked: PARTICIPANT
• Masking Details: Participants will get separate VMI training and possible efforts will be put to mask the both group.
• Purpose: OTHER
• Intervention Model: PARALLEL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Model Details: A Randomized clinical trial performed in which 60 children equally divided into two groups and randomly allocated. Inclusion criteria for the study will be Children age 4 to 6 years old and all will be right-handed dominant with no history of visual or neurological abnormalities and exclusion criteria will be Children who presented a disability indicating a central nervous system dysfunction children age below 4 Years and above 6 years. One experimental group will perform Visual Motor Tasks, the other controlled group will perform routine class tasks. Pre and post assessment will be done. Outcomes to be analyzed will be enhancement in visual perception, spatial awareness and motor skills in preschool children by after performing VMI tasks. Data collection will be done before and after the intervention

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: April 24, 2025
• First Posted: May 2, 2025
• Study Start: April 16, 2025
• Primary Completion: July 16, 2025
• Study Completion: July 20, 2025
• Last Updated: May 2, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-04

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will not share

Locations

PA (1)