The Effect of Posture and Scapular Position on Performance Parameters in E-sport Players

NCT06848114 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: HUOBayrak
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 27
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

The research aims to examine how shoulder proprioception, scapular position, physical activity levels and posture influence key performance factors such as visual reaction time, audiotory reaction time and hand-eye coordination. Various digital tools and tests will be utilized for assessment, including reaction time tests and hand-eye coordination evaluations conducted through HumanBenchmark and Audioreactiontime websites respectively, as well as posture analysis via mobile applications. Shoulder proprioception will be measured at specific flexion angles using a smartphone-based inclinometer, while scapular dyskinesis will be assessed through the lateral scapular sliding test. Additionally, participants' physical activity levels, assessed via the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), will be analyzed to determine potential correlations.

Conditions

Scapular Dyskinesis; Shoulder Proprioception; Reaction Time; Physical Activity; Posture; Hand-Eye Coordination

Keywords

Reaction time; Hand-eye coordination; Scapular dyskinesis; Posture; E-sport; Shoulder proprioception

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (7)

• The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)

  The International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) short form will assess e-sport players' physical activity levels. This validated questionnaire consists of seven items measuring time spent on walking, moderate, and vigorous activities, with energy expenditure expressed as MET minutes per week. The total score is calculated by summing the duration (minutes) and frequency (days) of each activity, while sedentary time is recorded separately. Only activities lasting at least 10 consecutive minutes are included. Scores are calculated as "MET minutes/week" by multiplying duration, frequency, and MET values: walking (3.3 METs), moderate (4 METs), and vigorous activity (8 METs). Physical activity levels are classified as: Physically inactive: \<600 MET-min/week Low activity: 600-3000 MET-min/week Adequate activity: \>3000 MET-min/week The Turkish IPAQ forms are validated for reliability.

  Baseline

• Auditory Reaction Time Test

  Auditory reaction time will be assessed using the playback.fm test (https://playback.fm/audio-reaction-time). Participants will press the "spacebar" on the keyboard upon hearing a sound. The test consists of five trials, and the average reaction time (ms) will be calculated from the recorded results.

  Baseline

• Visual Reaction Time Test

  Visual reaction time will be assessed using the "Reaction Time" test on the Human Benchmark website (https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/reactiontime). Participants will press a button as soon as the screen turns green. The test consists of five trials, and the average reaction time (ms) will be calculated from the recorded results.

  Baseline

• Hand-Eye Coordination

  The hand-eye coordination assessment is performed with the "Aim Reaction" test. The test is called "Aim Trainer" and is available on the website (https://humanbenchmark.com/tests/aim). At the beginning of the test, the participant tries to hit 30 targets on the screen as quickly and accurately as possible. After completing the test, the mean time to hit each target is displayed in milliseconds (ms)

  Baseline

• Scapular Dyskinesis Assessment

  Scapular dyskinesis will be assessed using a digital caliper based on the Kibler method, which has shown moderate to high reliability. The distance between the inferior angle of the scapula and the spinous process of the 7th thoracic vertebra (scapular distance) will be measured in centimeters (cm) across three positions: Arms at sides (0° abduction) Hands on iliac crest (45° abduction) 90° shoulder abduction with internal rotation Measurements are taken with the caliper's distal arm at the scapula's inferior angle and the proximal arm at the spinous process. Participants remain relaxed and focus on a fixed point. A ≥1.5 cm difference between scapulae indicates dyskinesis. The mean scapular distance is recorded for analysis.

  Baseline

• Posture Assessment

  Posture will be assessed using the mobile application "PostureScreen," employing the photographic method. The application calculates posture based on reference points marked on the anterior, posterior, and lateral aspects of a photograph. These reference points, along with athlete and assessor positioning, follow the guidelines outlined in the 2018 study by Iacob et al. The method is validated and reliable, with ICC scores ranging from 0.71 to 0.99. The application measures anterior and posterior shifts and tilts of the head, shoulders, chest, and hips, as well as lateral shifts and tilts of the head, shoulders, and hips. The total shift and tilt values are calculated as the sum of these measurements. These values will be used to generate a report detailing the participant's posture and its deviation from normal posture.

  Baseline

• Shoulder Joint Position Sense

  Shoulder joint position sense will be assessed using the "Clinometer" smartphone application (ICC = 0.98). The assessment follows a 5-minute warm-up with calisthenic exercises for the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. The participant will be tested in shoulder flexion positions of 55°, 90°, and 125°. The smartphone is fixed between the shoulder and elbow to minimize deviations. The 55° position is first practiced with eyes open, then with eyes closed, holding for 10 seconds before returning to the starting position. The participant then identifies the target angle (55°) with eyes closed, responding with "OK" once reached. This process is repeated six times with 5-second rests between trials. Deviations from the target angle are recorded as absolute errors. The same procedure is followed for 90° and 125° flexion, for both arms.

  Baseline

Study Arms (3)

Mobile E-sport Players

Mobile professional e-sports players compete at a high level within a team, participating in competitive mobile gaming.

PC E-sport Players

PC professional e-sports players compete at a high level within a team, participating in competitive PC gaming.

Control group

Individuals aged 18-25 years who played video games for less than 6 hours per week.

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 25 Years
• Sex: male
• Healthy Volunteers: Yes
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

E-sport Players in FUT E-sport Teams

You may qualify if:

• Individuals aged between 18 and 25 years. Professional engagement in PC or mobile e-sports for at least 6 hours per week continuously for the last six months.
• PC professional e-sports players compete at a high level within a team, participating in competitive PC gaming.
• Mobile professional e-sports players compete at a high level within a team, participating in competitive mobile gaming.
• Control group: Individuals aged 18-25 years who played video games for less than 6 hours per week.

You may not qualify if:

• Any neurological, visual, or auditory impairment. History of upper extremity surgery. Use of medications known for their stimulant properties. Conditions that could interfere with test performance.

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Ömer Bayrak: lead

Study Sites (1)

Haliç University

Istanbul, Eyüpsultan, 34030, Turkey (Türkiye)

Location

Related Publications (10)

• Werner BC, Holzgrefe RE, Griffin JW, Lyons ML, Cosgrove CT, Hart JM, Brockmeier SF. Validation of an innovative method of shoulder range-of-motion measurement using a smartphone clinometer application. J Shoulder Elbow Surg. 2014 Nov;23(11):e275-82. doi: 10.1016/j.jse.2014.02.030. Epub 2014 Jun 9.

  PMID: 24925699 BACKGROUND

• Stewart HJ, Martinez JL, Perdew A, Green CS, Moore DR. Auditory cognition and perception of action video game players. Sci Rep. 2020 Sep 1;10(1):14410. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-71235-z.

  PMID: 32873819 BACKGROUND

• Saglam M, Arikan H, Savci S, Inal-Ince D, Bosnak-Guclu M, Karabulut E, Tokgozoglu L. International physical activity questionnaire: reliability and validity of the Turkish version. Percept Mot Skills. 2010 Aug;111(1):278-84. doi: 10.2466/06.08.PMS.111.4.278-284.

  PMID: 21058606 BACKGROUND

• Keleş E, Şimşek E, Salmani M, Tarsuslu Şimşek T, Angın S, Yakut Y. (2016). Eklem hareket açıklığı ölçümünde kullanılan iki akıllı telefon uygulamasının uygulayıcı içi ve uygulayıcılar arası güvenirliğinin incelenmesi. J Exerc Ther Rehabil,3(1):21-29.

  BACKGROUND

• Jenny, S. E., Manning, R. D., Keiper, M. C., Olrich, T. W. (2017). Virtual (ly) athletes: Where eSports fit within the definition of "sport". Quest, 69(1), 1-18.

  BACKGROUND

• Hopkins, B. C. B. (2014). Validity of PostureScreen Mobile® in the measurement of standing posture.

  BACKGROUND

• Hogan C, Corbett JA, Ashton S, Perraton L, Frame R, Dakic J. Scapular Dyskinesis Is Not an Isolated Risk Factor for Shoulder Injury in Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Am J Sports Med. 2021 Aug;49(10):2843-2853. doi: 10.1177/0363546520968508. Epub 2020 Nov 19.

  PMID: 33211975 BACKGROUND

• Hickey D, Solvig V, Cavalheri V, Harrold M, Mckenna L. Scapular dyskinesis increases the risk of future shoulder pain by 43% in asymptomatic athletes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Sports Med. 2018 Jan;52(2):102-110. doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2017-097559. Epub 2017 Jul 22.

  PMID: 28735288 BACKGROUND

• Cretenoud AF, Barakat A, Milliet A, Choung OH, Bertamini M, Constantin C, Herzog MH. How do visual skills relate to action video game performance? J Vis. 2021 Jul 6;21(7):10. doi: 10.1167/jov.21.7.10.

  PMID: 34269794 BACKGROUND

• Bloomer RJ, Martin KR, Pence JC. Impact of AmaTea(R) Max on physiological measures and gaming performance in active gamers: A placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized study. J Clin Transl Res. 2022 Mar 1;8(2):93-102. eCollection 2022 Apr 29.

  PMID: 35392125 BACKGROUND

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Motor Activity

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Behavior

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: CASE CONTROL
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Target Duration: 1 Month
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR INVESTIGATOR
• PI Title: Research Assistant

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: February 21, 2025
• First Posted: February 26, 2025
• Study Start: September 1, 2023
• Primary Completion: October 1, 2024
• Study Completion: November 1, 2024
• Last Updated: February 28, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-02

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share

Locations

TU (1)