Factors Associated With Quality of Life in Chronic Low Back Pain

Primary Outcomes (10)

• Visual Analogue Scale

  Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) will be used to assess the pain intensity of the patients. Patients will be given a paper with a 10 cm straight line with numbers between 0 and 10 on it and asked to score according to the severity of pain. 0 points will be given in the absence of pain and 10 points will be given in the most severe pain.

  1 minute

• Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale

  The TKS is a 17-question scale and is used in acute and chronic low back pain, fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal injuries and whiplash-related disorders. The scale has a 4-point Likert scale (1= Strongly disagree, 4= Strongly agree). The total score is calculated after reversing items 4, 8, 12 and 16. The person receives a total score between 17-68. A high score on the scale indicates a high level of kinesiophobia. The Turkish reliability study of the Tampa Kinesiophobia Scale was conducted by Yılmaz et al. (2011)

  5 minute

• Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire

  Fear Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire consists of 16 questions. It has two subscales: physical activity and work. The physical activity section consists of 5 questions and the work section consists of 11 questions. The questionnaire is a 7-point Likert type scale. The answers to the questionnaire are between strongly disagree (0 points) and strongly agree (6 points). Items 1, 8, 13, 14 and 16 are not included in the scoring. The Physical Activity section can receive a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 24 points. The labour section can score a minimum of 0 and a maximum of 42 points. As the total score approaches 0, it is accepted that there is a decrease in fear-avoidance behaviour within the section, and as it approaches the maximum score, it is accepted that there is an increase in fear-avoidance behaviour. The Turkish reliability and validity study of the Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire was conducted by Bingül et al.

  5 minute

• Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire

  Roland Morris Disability Questionnaire was published by Roland and Morris in 1983 (Roland \& Fairbank, 2000). It consists of 24 questions about the person's perception of low back pain and related disability. It consists of physical ability/activity (15), sleep/rest (3), psychosocial (2), home management (2), eating (1) and pain frequency (1). Patients are asked to answer all questions 'yes/no'. Each 'yes' answer is scored as 1 and each 'no' answer is scored as 0. Total score for 24 questions is calculated. In this questionnaire, a high score indicates a bad score. The Turkish validation study of the Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire was conducted by Küçükdeveci et al.

  5 minute

• Beck Depression Scale

  The Beck Depression Scale is a self-report questionnaire that assesses the presence and severity of depressive symptoms. It consists of 21 items. Each item is scored on a four-point scale ranging from 0 (none) to 3 (severe). Total scores can vary between 0 and 63. The reliability and validity findings of the questionnaire adapted to Turkish have been obtained.

  5 minute

• Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale

  Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease 6-Item Scale was developed by Lorig and colleagues in English in 2001 (Lorig, Sobel, Ritter, Laurent, \& Hobbs, 2001). The scale is graded on a 10-point scale ranging from 'not at all confident' to 'completely confident'. The scale score is the average of 6 items. High scores indicate high self-efficacy. If more than 1 response is given to an item and the items are consecutive, the low score is included in the calculation. If 2 responses are not consecutive, this item is excluded from the calculation. In order to calculate the scale, at least 4 items must be answered. The Turkish version is a valid and reliable tool for assessing the perceived self-efficacy level of patients with chronic diseases.

  3 minute

• Coping Strategies Inventory Short Form (CSI-SF)

  Coping Strategies Long Form is the short form developed by Carver (1997) after being revised. Coping Strategies Inventory Short Form consists of 28 questions and 14 subscales. Responses to each item are evaluated in the range of 1-4 points. The raw score that can be obtained from the subscales varies between 2-8.

  5 minute

• Pain Catastrophising Scale

  The Catastrophising Pain Scale (PCS) is used to measure catastrophising in response to pain through 13 statements with four possible options from 1 'never' to 4 'always'. Higher scores indicate greater catastrophised pain. The Turkish validity study of the scale was conducted by Süren et al. (2014)

  5 minute

• Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)

  PSQI is a scale developed to evaluate sleep quality and sleep disturbance in a one-month period. PSQI consists of 24 questions in total. The first 18 questions answered by the participant himself/herself are used in the calculation of the PSQI total score and component scores. The 18 items included in the scoring are grouped into 7 components. Each item is evaluated in the range of 0-3 points. The sum of the seven component scores constitutes the result of the PSQI. The lowest score is zero and the highest score is 21. A high total score indicates poor sleep quality. The sleep quality of individuals with a total score of 5 and below is considered 'good', while the sleep quality of individuals with a score above 5 is considered 'poor'. The validity and reliability study of the PSQI was conducted by Agargun et al. (1996) in our country.

  5 minute

• Short Form - 36 Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36)

  The Short Form - 36 Quality of Life Questionnaire (SF-36) is a general measure of health status, rather than measuring the outcomes of specific conditions. There is evidence that the SF-36 can be used to monitor musculoskeletal conditions. The SF-36 is a health-related quality of life questionnaire consisting of 8 scales (physical functioning, role limitations due to physical health problems, pain, general health perceptions, vitality, social functioning, role limitations due to emotional problems, mental health). Responses to items are converted into scale scores from 0 (worst health) to 100 (best health). One physical and one mental summary health measure are derived from the 8 scales.

  7 minute