Brief Summary

It has been shown that excretion of sodium and water through the skin in the form of sweat represents a regulatory mechanism of electrolyte- and fluid balance. Since patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) exhibit increased skin sodium content, we investigated the feasibility of sweat testing as a novel experimental tool to a more complete assessment of fluid- and sodium homeostasis. In this cross-sectional feasibility study, we applied pilocarpine iontophoresis to induce sweat testing in 58 patients across various stages of CKD including patients after kidney transplantation as well as a healthy control cohort (n=6) to investigate possible effects of CKD and transplantation status on sweat rate and sodium concentration. Due to non-linear relationships, we modeled our data using polynomial regression. Decline of kidney function showed a significant association with lower sweat rates: adj R²= 0.2278, F(2, 61) = 10.29, p = 0.000141. Sweat sodium concentrations were increased in moderate CKD, however this effect was lost in end stage renal disease: adj R² = 0.3701, F(4, 59) = 10.26, p = 2.261e-06. We observed higher sweat weight in males compared to females. Diagnostic sweat analysis represents an innovative and promising noninvasive option for more thorough investigation of sodium- and fluid homeostasis in CKD patients. Lower sweat rates and higher sweat sodium concentrations represent a unique feature of CKD patients with potential therapeutic implications.

Trial Health

On Track

Trial Health Score

Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach

Enrollment

participants targeted

Target at P25-P50 for all trials

Timeline

Completed

Started Oct 2018

Typical duration for all trials

Geographic Reach

1 country

1 active site

Status

completed

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Trial Relationships

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Study Timeline

Key milestones and dates

2.2 years study duration

Study Start

First participant enrolled

October 5, 2018

Completed

2.2 years until next milestone

Primary Completion

Last participant's last visit for primary outcome

December 11, 2020

Completed

Same day until next milestone

Study Completion

Last participant's last visit for all outcomes

December 11, 2020

Completed

3.3 years until next milestone

First Submitted

Initial submission to the registry

April 3, 2024

Completed

6 days until next milestone

First Posted

Study publicly available on registry

April 9, 2024

Completed

Last Updated

April 9, 2024

Status Verified

April 1, 2024

Enrollment Period

2.2 years

First QC Date

April 3, 2024

Last Update Submit

April 3, 2024

Conditions

Chronic Kidney Diseases

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

Sweat sodium concentration
Sodium concentration of induced sweat by pilocarpine iontopheresis in mmol/L
Right after study inclusion of patients/subjects