Mechanical Determinants of Upper Limbs Oscillation During Gait

NCT05778474 | Completed

• 1 other identifier: 24C901_2019
• Study Type: observational
• Target: 25
• Locations: 1 country
• Sites: 1

Brief Summary

It is unclear why humans typically swing their arms during gait. To date, the debate on how to arm swing comes about (i.e. whether it is caused by accelerations of the shoulder girdle or muscular activity) is still going on. There needs to be consensus on whether the arm swing is actively controlled or merely passive and on why humans swing their arms during walking (i.e. what the purpose of arm swing is, if any). Suggested reasons include minimising energy consumption, optimising stability, and optimising neural control. Pathologies such as hemiplegia after stroke, Parkinson's disease, Cerebral Palsy, Spinal Cord Injury, and Multiple Sclerosis may directly affect arm swing during gait. Emerging evidence indicates that including arm movements in gait rehabilitation may be beneficial in restoring interlimb coordination and decreasing energy expenditure. This project hypothesises that the arms swing, at least at low and intermediate walking speeds, reflects the body's Center of Mass (CoM) accelerations. Arm swing may thus depend mainly upon the system's intrinsic mechanical properties (e.g., gravity and inertia). In this perspective, the CoM is seen as moving relative to the upper limbs rather than the other way around. The contribution of major lower limb joints, in terms of power injected into the body motion, will be simultaneously explored. The study aims to investigate the mechanism and functions of arm swinging during walking on a force treadmill. To simulate asymmetric walking, healthy subjects will be asked to walk with a toes-up orthosis to induce claudication and asymmetry in ankle power. In this way, it will be possible to highlight the correlation among arm swinging, ankle power, and the acceleration of the CoM in a 3D framework. In addition, subjects affected by unilateral motor impairments will be asked to walk on the force treadmill to test the experimental model and highlight significant differences in the kinematic parameters of the upper limbs. The question of whether arm swing is actively controlled or merely passive and the relationship between arm swinging and the total mechanical energy of the CoM will be faced. Asymmetric oscillations of the upper limb will be related to dynamic asymmetries of the COM motion, and of the motion of lower limbs. In addition, cause-effect relationships will be hypothesized. Finally, the dynamic correlates of upper limb oscillations will make the clinical observation an interpretable clinical sign applicable to rehabilitation medicine. Results from the present study will also foster the identification of practical rehabilitation exercises on gait asymmetries in many human nervous diseases.

Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis; Poststroke/CVA Hemiparesis; Parkinson Disease; Cerebral Palsy; Amputation

Keywords

Walking; Upper limb oscillations; Treadmill; Center of Mass; Rehabilitation

Outcome Measures

Primary Outcomes (1)

• Ankle joint power

  Joint kinematics will be recorded through an optoelectronic method as per the Davis anthropometric model. The 3D displacement of the markers will be captured using 10 near-infrared stroboscopic cameras. Joint power will be computed through the spatiotemporal synchronization of ground reaction force vectors and the joint centers of rotation. The sagittal plane will be only considered for the analysis. Joint power will be computed as the product of joint torque and joint rotation speed. Power will be defined as positive or generated when the joint moment and rotation speed shared the same directions (i. e., when agonist muscles are contracting while shortening), as negative or absorbed otherwise. Positive work will be computed as the integral of the generated (positive) power over time.

  Day 1

Secondary Outcomes (3)

• Spatio parameter

  Day 1

• Shoulder and elbow joint angles on the sagittal plane

  Day 1

• Energy of the center of mass

  Day 1

Other Outcomes (2)

• Time parameters

  Day 1

• The trajectory of the center of mass

  Day 1

Study Arms (2)

Healthy participants

At least 10 healthy participants aged from 18 to 60 years old with symmetric walking at visual analysis. Participants will be excluded if pregnant, if they present with pharmacologic therapies which could affect balance and walking, and if they suffered from (or presently present with) orthopedic or neurologic conditions potentially impairing walking.

Other: Healthy subjects

Pathologic group

At least 15 participants with various orthopaedic or neurologic conditions (for example, post-stroke hemiparesis, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, unilateral amputation, surgical orthopedic interventions) will be enrolled. Participants will present a unilateral motor impairment, not preventing passive oscillation of the upper limbs.

Other: Pathologic group

Interventions

Healthy subjects OTHER

Participants' ground spontaneous speed overground will be tested by means of the 10-meter walking test. Participants will be tested for their foot dominance by means of the Waterloo footedness questionnaire-revised. Participants will walk on a treadmill mounted on force sensors. The test sequence will be the following: 1. Familiarization. Participants will walk on the treadmill with the belt running at increasing velocities up to their spontaneous walking velocity . Speed will be increased of 0.2 m s-1 every 30 s. A brief pause of around 1 minute will follow. 2. Walking. Participants will walk at 0.4 m s-1 and 1.2 m s-1 for at least 30 seconds. 3. Walking with a rigid ankle-foot orthosis. Participants will walk at 0.4 m s-1 and 1.2 m s-1 for at least 30 seconds with an ankle-foot orthosis on the dominant lower limb. Participants will repeat the last point (n°3) with the ankle-foot orthosis on the non-dominant lower limb. A 3-min pause will follow each section.

Healthy participants

Pathologic group OTHER

Participants will walk on a treadmill mounted on force sensors. They will walk freely, under tight supervision, but without hanging to any support. The test sequence will be the following: 4\. Familiarization. Participants will walk on the treadmill with the belt running at increasing velocities up to their spontaneous walking velocity . Speed will be increased of 0.1 m s-1 every 30 s. A brief pause of around 1 minute will follow. 5\. Walking. Participants will walk at 0.4 m s-1 for at least 30 seconds. Participants will be informed a few seconds before the changes in belts' velocities with a verbal warning.

Pathologic group

Eligibility Criteria

• Age: 18 Years - 80 Years
• Sex: all
• Healthy Volunteers: No
• Age Groups: Adult (18-64), Older Adult (65+)
• Sampling Method: Non-Probability Sample

Study Population

The subjects will be recruited in the proponent Unit on an outpatient basis, from a physiatric referral or from a local inpatient rehabilitation unit.

You may qualify if:

• presence of claudication (spatiotemporal asymmetry between subsequent steps), at visual inspection;
• unilateral motor impairments of one lower limb as a consequence of various pathologic conditions, such as (not not limited to): poststroke hemiparesis (ischemic or hemorrhagic), Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, unilateral amputation with prosthetic correction, surgical orthopedic interventions;
• ability to walk for at least 100 meters without support; prostheses or orthoses admitted.
• ability to wittingly sign the informed consent form

You may not qualify if:

• drug therapy underway up to three months before recruitment, with impact on balance and gait;
• systemic pathologies or other sensory or neurological pathologies with impact on balance and gait;
• Mini Mental State (MMSE) score \< 24/30;
• alterations in the passive mobility of upper limbs;
• painful syndrome which could alter the locomotion;
• pregnancy

Sponsors & Collaborators

• Istituto Auxologico Italiano: lead

Study Sites (1)

Istituto Auxologico Italiano

Milan, 20145, Italy

Location

Related Publications (1)

• Rota V, Caronni A, Scarano S, Amadei M, Tesio L. Plantar flexors are the main engine of walking in healthy adults. Front Sports Act Living. 2025 Jul 8;7:1595065. doi: 10.3389/fspor.2025.1595065. eCollection 2025.

  PMID: 40697531 DERIVED

MeSH Terms

Conditions

Multiple Sclerosis; Parkinson Disease; Cerebral Palsy

Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)

Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS; Autoimmune Diseases of the Nervous System; Nervous System Diseases; Demyelinating Diseases; Autoimmune Diseases; Immune System Diseases; Parkinsonian Disorders; Basal Ganglia Diseases; Brain Diseases; Central Nervous System Diseases; Movement Disorders; Synucleinopathies; Neurodegenerative Diseases; Brain Damage, Chronic

Study Officials

• Luigi Tesio, MD

  Istituto Auxologico Italiano

  PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR

Study Design

• Study Type: observational
• Observational Model: COHORT
• Time Perspective: CROSS SECTIONAL
• Sponsor Type: OTHER
• Responsible Party: SPONSOR

Study Record Dates

• First Submitted: February 27, 2023
• First Posted: March 21, 2023
• Study Start: May 27, 2020
• Primary Completion: December 31, 2024
• Study Completion: December 31, 2024
• Last Updated: November 18, 2025

Record last verified: 2025-11

Data Sharing

• IPD Sharing: Will share

Locations

IT (1)