Contrast Enhanced Harmonic Endoscopic Ultrasound (CH-EUS), Elastography, and Fractal Analysis in Predicting Pancreatic Cancer Aggressiveness and Response to Therapy.

Contrast enhanced harmonic Endoscopic Ultrasound (CH-EUS) can be used during a conventional EUS examination to correctly identify and target lesions with the help of Ultrasound Contrast Agents. When CH-EUS is applied to the dynamic ultrasound images of conventional EUS, additional information about tumour vascularity can be obtained solely from the visual uptake of contrast agent into the tumour. Angiogenesis within malignant tumour tissue is varied from that of its normal surrounding tissue.Blood flow within malignant tissue is characteristically low volume. Contrast agents are slow to pass through tumour microvasculature and hence this is seen as an area of hypo-enhancement. This hypo-enhancement or hypo-vascularity is well demonstrated in PDAC and the opposite is known to be true for PNET, both of these findings showing to be consistent with cytopathological results.Tumour hemodynamics and vascular patterns resultant from contrast uptake can be analysed further with the help of fractal use. Attaining this information can allow more accurate characterization of both PDAC and PNET thus in turn predicting their respective behaviours i.e., aggressiveness (local or systemic spread) and histological grade. (6) Contrast-enhanced computer tomography (CT) is currently used to evaluate the response of chemotherapy in patients with PDAC according to the RECIST guidelines. However, one significant advantage of CH-EUS over dynamic CT imaging is that ultrasound contrast agents do not leak into the interstitial space allowing for better quantitative measurement of tissue perfusion.More recently, the EFSUMB guidelines have recommended dynamic CH-EUS as a preferred technique to monitor anti-angiogenic treatment.This founds the basis for evaluating CH-EUS's role. \*(with the help of fractal analysis)-remove this if needed\* in predicting PDAC's response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy as this is yet to be evaluated. Yamashita et al. demonstrated that patients with PDAC with positive vessel sign showed a significantly longer progression free survival compared with patients with negative vessel sign after chemotherapy (P = 0.037; log-rank test). EUS elastography (EUS-E) is a US technique that measures the hardness of tissues. The level of hardness of SPLs can be evaluated using qualitative scores and/or quantitative methods (strain ratio \[SR\]).