Safety and Effects of an Investigational COVID-19 Vaccine as Booster in Healthy People
An Exploratory Phase I, Randomized, Observer-blind, Active-controlled, Dose-escalation Trial Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of an Investigational RNA-based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine in COVID-19 Vaccine Experienced Healthy Adults
1 other identifier
interventional
383
1 country
17
Brief Summary
This was an exploratory Phase I, randomized, observer-blind, active-controlled, dose-escalation trial to evaluate four dose levels (DLs) of BNT162b4 given in combination with BNT162b2 Bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) to select a safe and tolerable dose and to evaluate BNT162b4 + BNT162b2 Bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) when given as Dose 1 and Dose 2 (booster) in Cohorts 1 and 2 and BNT162b4 + BNT162b2 Monovalent (OMI XBB.1.5) when given as Dose 2 (booster) in Cohorts 3a, 3b, 4a, and 4b, and 30 microgram (mcg) BNT162b4 when given alone as Dose 1 and Dose 2 in Cohort 5. The trial used a staggered dosing process schema, i.e., enrollment into the next higher dose level was done sequentially and subject to safety data from the previous dose levels, with sentinel participants in Cohorts 1, 2, 3a, and 4a. Cohort 3b investigating the same dose level as cohort 3a but in participants aged \>55 years was opened after safety data for participants aged 18-55 years in Cohort 3a had been reviewed. Enrollment into Cohorts 4a and 4b was opened after safety data for Cohort 3a and 3b had been reviewed. Cohort 5 participants were not randomized and received two doses of BNT162b4 alone after which a safety review was performed after all participants received Dose 2 in this cohort. BNT162b4 plus BNT162b2 Bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5)/Monovalent (OMI XBB.1.5) was co-administered (as a single injection). BNT162b4 alone was administered as a single injection.
Trial Health
Trial Health Score
Automated assessment based on enrollment pace, timeline, and geographic reach
participants targeted
Target at P75+ for phase_1
Started Nov 2022
Typical duration for phase_1
17 active sites
Health score is calculated from publicly available data and should be used for screening purposes only.
Trial Relationships
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Study Timeline
Key milestones and dates
First Submitted
Initial submission to the registry
September 14, 2022
CompletedFirst Posted
Study publicly available on registry
September 15, 2022
CompletedStudy Start
First participant enrolled
November 8, 2022
CompletedPrimary Completion
Last participant's last visit for primary outcome
November 22, 2024
CompletedStudy Completion
Last participant's last visit for all outcomes
November 22, 2024
CompletedResults Posted
Study results publicly available
January 13, 2026
CompletedJanuary 13, 2026
December 1, 2025
2 years
September 14, 2022
November 20, 2025
December 19, 2025
Conditions
Keywords
Outcome Measures
Primary Outcomes (18)
Number of Participants With Solicited Local Reactions- Post Dose 1
A solicited reaction was defined as an adverse reaction observed and reported under the conditions (symptom and onset) and pre-listed (that is, solicited) in the e-diary. Solicited local reactions included: pain, erythema/redness, and induration/swelling.
Up to 7 days post-dose1
Number of Participants With Solicited Local Reactions- Post Dose 2
A solicited reaction was defined as an adverse reaction observed and reported under the conditions (symptom and onset) and pre-listed (that is, solicited) in the e-diary. Solicited local reactions included: pain, erythema/redness, and induration/swelling. Data for this outcome measure was not collected and analyzed for Cohort 1, and Comparator Cohorts A and B, as these Cohorts did not receive Dose 2 of the study drugs.
Up to 7 days post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Solicited Systemic Events- Post Dose 1
A solicited reaction was defined as an adverse reaction observed and reported under the conditions (symptom and onset) pre-listed (i.e., solicited) in the e-diary. Solicited systemic reactions included: vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, chills, and fever.
Up to 7 days post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Solicited Systemic Events- Post Dose 2
A solicited reaction was defined as an adverse reaction observed and reported under the conditions (symptom and onset) pre-listed (i.e., solicited) in the e-diary. Solicited systemic reactions included: vomiting, diarrhea, headache, fatigue, myalgia, arthralgia, chills, and fever.
Up to 7 days post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)-Post Dose 1
An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered with a pharmaceutical product, and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment.
Up to 28 days post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Adverse Events (AEs)-Post Dose 2
An AE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence in a participant administered with a pharmaceutical product, and which did not necessarily have a causal relationship with this treatment.
Up to 28 days post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)-Post Dose 1
An SAE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose, resulted in death and was life-threatening. It also included any event requiring hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, resulted in persistent disability/incapacity, caused a congenital anomaly or birth defect, or any other event determined as SAE as per medical or scientific judgment.
Up to 6 to 7 months post-dose 1 for Cohorts 1 to 4 and Comparator Cohorts; and up to 2 months post-dose 1 for Cohort 5
Number of Participants With Serious Adverse Events (SAEs)-Post Dose 2
An SAE was defined as any untoward medical occurrence that, at any dose, resulted in death and was life-threatening. It also included any event requiring hospitalization or prolongation of existing hospitalization, resulted in persistent disability/incapacity, caused a congenital anomaly or birth defect, or any other event determined as SAE as per medical or scientific judgment.
Up to 6 to 7 months post-dose 2 for Cohorts 2 to 4; and up to 3 months post-dose 2 for Cohort 5
Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Abnormalities: Hematological Parameters-Post Dose 1
Participants with hematological abnormalities for basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets were analyzed and only clinically significant abnormal data was reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 3 post-Dose 1; at Day 7 post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Abnormalities: Hematological Parameters-Post Dose 2
Participants with hematological abnormalities for basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, hematocrit, hemoglobin, leukocytes, lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils and platelets were analyzed and only clinically significant abnormal data was reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 7 post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Abnormalities: Clinical Chemistry-Post Dose 1
Participants with laboratory abnormalities (clinical chemistry) for alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, creatinine, direct bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, high sensitivity C reactive protein, indirect bilirubin, lipase, total bilirubin, troponin I type 3 and urea nitrogen were analyzed and only abnormal clinically significant data was reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 3 post-Dose 1; at Day 7 post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Clinically Significant Laboratory Abnormalities: Clinical Chemistry-Post Dose 2
Participants with laboratory abnormalities (clinical chemistry) for alanine aminotransferase, albumin, alkaline phosphatase, amylase, aspartate aminotransferase, C-reactive protein, creatinine, direct bilirubin, gamma glutamyl transferase, glucose, high sensitivity C reactive protein, indirect bilirubin, lipase, total bilirubin, troponin I type 3 and urea nitrogen were analyzed and only clinically significant abnormal data was reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 7 post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Clinically Significant New Electrocardiogram (ECG) Abnormalities -Post Dose 1
Participants with only clinically significant new ECG abnormalities were reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 3 post-Dose 1; at Day 7 post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Clinically Significant New ECG Abnormalities -Post Dose 2
Participants with only clinically significant new ECG abnormalities were reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 7 post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Shift of Laboratory Parameters (Hematology) From Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade >=3: Post-dose 1
The intensity of AEs and laboratory parameters was graded by the investigator. Grades were defined as: Grade 1 - Mild; does not interfere with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 2 - Moderate; interferes to some extent with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 3 - Severe; interferes significantly with the trial participant's usual function and Grade 4 - Potentially life-threatening; life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention required. Participants with shift change from Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade \>=3 were reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 3 post-dose 1; at Day 7 post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Shift of Laboratory Parameters (Hematology) From Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade >=3: Post Dose 2
The intensity of AEs and laboratory parameters was graded by the investigator. Grades were defined as: Grade 1 - Mild; does not interfere with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 2 - Moderate; interferes to some extent with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 3 - Severe; interferes significantly with the trial participant's usual function and Grade 4 - Potentially life-threatening; life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention required. Participants with shift change from Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade \>=3 were reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 7 post-dose 2
Number of Participants With Shift of Laboratory Parameters (Clinical Chemistry) From Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade >=3: Post Dose 1
The intensity of AEs and laboratory parameters was graded by the investigator. Grades were defined as: Grade 1 - Mild; does not interfere with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 2 - Moderate; interferes to some extent with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 3 - Severe; interferes significantly with the trial participant's usual function and Grade 4 - Potentially life-threatening; life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention required. Participants with shift change from Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade \>=3 were reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 3 post-dose 1; at Day 7 post-dose 1
Number of Participants With Shift of Laboratory Parameters (Clinical Chemistry) From Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade >=3: Post-dose 2
The intensity of AEs and laboratory parameters was graded by the investigator. Grades were defined as: Grade 1 - Mild; does not interfere with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 2 - Moderate; interferes to some extent with the trial participant's usual function; Grade 3 - Severe; interferes significantly with the trial participant's usual function and Grade 4 - Potentially life-threatening; life-threatening consequences, urgent intervention required. Participants with shift change from Baseline Grade 0 to Worst Grade \>=3 were reported in the outcome measure.
At Day 7 post-dose 2
Secondary Outcomes (15)
Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Ancestral Strain-Post Dose 1
At Pre-dose and Day 28 post dose-1
Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Ancestral Strain-Post Dose 2
At Pre-dose 2 and Day 28 post-dose 2
Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Omicron Strains (SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5)- Post Dose 1
At Pre-dose and Day 28 post-dose 1
Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Omicron Strains (SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5)- Post Dose 2
At Pre-dose 2 and Day 28 post-dose 2
Geometric Mean Titers (GMTs) for SARS-CoV-2 Neutralizing Antibody Omicron Strains (SARS-CoV-2 Omicron XBB1.5)- Post Dose 2
At Pre-dose 2 and Day 28 post-dose 2
- +10 more secondary outcomes
Study Arms (9)
Cohort 1: BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg + BNT162b4 5 mcg (Aged 18-55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged 18-55 years received an intramuscular injection of BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 5 mcg at Day 1.
Cohort 2: BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg + BNT162b4 10 mcg (Aged 18-55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged 18-55 years received an intramuscular injection of BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 10 mcg at Day 1. Participants who consented to receive a second dose of the study drugs received BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 10 mcg again as Dose 2 at 6 to 7 months after Dose 1.
Cohort 3a: BNT162b2 Bivalent/Monovalent 30 mcg + BNT162b4 15 mcg (Aged 18-55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged 18-55 years received a dose of BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg (Omicron BA.4/BA.5) along with BNT162b4 15 mcg at Day 1, Participants who consented to receive a second dose of the study drugs received BNT162b2 Monovalent (OMI XBB.1.5) 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 15 mcg again as Dose 2 at 6 to 7 months after Dose 1.
Cohort 3b: BNT162b2 Bivalent/Monovalent 30 mcg + BNT162b4 15 mcg (Aged >55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged \>55 years received a dose of BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg (Omicron BA.4/BA.5) along with BNT162b4 15 mcg at Day 1. Participants who consented to receive a second dose of the study drugs received BNT162b2 Monovalent (OMI XBB.1.5) 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 15 mcg again as Dose 2 at 6 to 7 months after Dose 1.
Cohort 4a: BNT162b2 Bivalent/Monovalent 30 mcg + BNT162b4 30 mcg (Aged 18-55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged 18-55 years received a dose of BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg (Omicron BA.4/BA.5) along with BNT162b4 30 mcg at Day 1. Participants who consented to receive a second dose of the study drugs received BNT162b2 Monovalent (OMI XBB.1.5) 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 30 mcg again as Dose 2 at 6 to 7 months after Dose 1.
Cohort 4b: BNT162b2 Bivalent/Monovalent 30 mcg + BNT162b4 30 mcg (Aged >55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged \>55 years received a dose of BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg (Omicron BA.4/BA.5) along with BNT162b4 30 mcg at Day 1. Participants who consented to receive a second dose of the study drugs received BNT162b2 Monovalent (OMI XBB.1.5) 30 mcg along with BNT162b4 30 mcg again as Dose 2 at 6 to 7 months after Dose 1.
Comparator A: BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg (Aged 18-55 Years)
ACTIVE COMPARATORParticipants aged 18-55 years received one intramuscular injection of BNT162b2 30 mcg at Day 1.
Comparator B: BNT162b2 Bivalent 30 mcg (Aged >55 Years)
ACTIVE COMPARATORParticipants aged \>55 years received one intramuscular injection of BNT162b2 30 mcg at Day 1.
Cohort 5: BNT162b4 30 mcg (Aged 18-55 Years)
EXPERIMENTALParticipants aged 18-55 years received two intramuscular injections of BNT162b4 30 mcg at Day 1 and 2 months post-Dose 1, respectively.
Interventions
Anti-viral RNA vaccine for active immunization against COVID-19 administered as intramuscular injection.
Anti-viral RNA vaccine for active immunization against COVID-19 administered as intramuscular injection.
Anti-viral RNA vaccine for active immunization against COVID-19 administered as intramuscular injection.
Anti-viral RNA vaccine for active immunization against COVID-19 administered as intramuscular injection.
Anti-viral RNA vaccine for active immunization against COVID-19 administered as intramuscular injection.
Anti-viral RNA vaccine for active immunization against COVID-19 administered as intramuscular injection.
Eligibility Criteria
You may qualify if:
- Had given informed consent by signing and dating the informed consent form (ICF) before initiation of any trial-specific procedures.
- Were willing and able to comply with scheduled visits, treatment schedule, laboratory tests, lifestyle restrictions, e.g., to follow good practices to reduce their chances of being infected or spreading COVID-19, and other requirements of the trial. This included that they were able to understand and follow trial-related instructions.
- Were aged 18 years and older at randomization (Cohorts 1-4) or 18 to 55 years (Cohort 5), had a body mass index over 18.5 kg/m\^2 and under 35 kg/m\^2 (Cohorts 1-4) and under 30 kg/m\^2 (Cohort 5), and weighed at least 50 kg at Visit 0.
- Were healthy, in the clinical judgment of the investigator based on participant-reported medical history data, and physical examination, 12-lead ECG, vital signs, and clinical laboratory test outcomes at Visit 0.
- Note: Healthy participants with pre-existing stable disease (e.g., obesity), defined as disease not requiring significant change in therapy or hospitalization for worsening disease during the 84 days before Visit 0, could be included.
- Agreed not to be vaccinated with:
- Non-trial COVID-19 vaccines starting at least 90 days prior to the Visit 1 and until completion of the participant's last trial visit (Cohorts 1-4) and until 28 days post-Dose 2 (Cohort 5 only).
- Had been vaccinated with at least three doses of an RNA-based COVID-19 vaccine authorized in the United States (US) before Visit 0. The last COVID-19 RNA vaccine dose must have been administered at least 90 days before Visit 1.
- Note: Documented confirmation of prior COVID-19 vaccine receipt must be obtained prior to randomization (Cohorts 1-4) or prior to Visit 1 (Cohort 5 only).
- Had negative human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) -1 and HIV-2 test results at Visit 0.
- Had negative Hepatitis B surface antigen test results at Visit 0.
- Had negative anti-Hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies, or negative HCV polymerase chain reaction test results if the anti-HCV was positive at Visit 0.
- Had given informed consent by signing and dating the ICF reflecting the respective protocol version before administration of Dose 2.
- Had enrolled in a dose cohort and received Dose 1 of BNT162b4 + BNT162b2 Bivalent (original/Omicron BA.4/BA.5) in this trial.
- Were healthy in the opinion of the investigator based on a brief (symptom-directed) physical examination.
You may not qualify if:
- Breastfeeding or intending to become pregnant starting with Visit 0 until 28 days after receiving the last dose of trial IMP or intending to father children starting with Visit 0 until 28 days after receiving the last trial IMP dose.
- History of any severe adverse reactions to vaccines or to vaccine components and including history of anaphylaxis and related symptoms such as hives, respiratory difficulty, angioedema, and/or abdominal pain. (Not excluded from participation: a participant who had an anaphylactic adverse reaction to pertussis vaccine as a child).
- Current or history of the following medical conditions:
- Uncontrolled or moderate or severe respiratory diseases (e.g., asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); symptoms of asthma severity as defined in the most recent US National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute asthma management guidelines.
- Diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2, or new onset of Diabetes mellitus type 1 or 2 from the administration of Dose 1, including cases controlled with diet alone (Not excluded: history of isolated gestational diabetes).
- Hypertension:
- If a person had been found to have elevated blood pressure or hypertension during screening or previously, excluded for blood pressure that is not well controlled. Well controlled blood pressure was defined as consistently \<=140 mm Hg systolic and \<= 90 mm Hg diastolic, with or without medication, with only isolated, brief instances of higher readings, which must be ≤150 mm Hg systolic and ≤90 mm Hg diastolic at Visit 0.
- Seizure disorders: History of seizure(s) within the past 3 years. Also excluded if participant had used medications in order to prevent or treat seizure(s) at any time within the past 3 years.
- Current or history of the following diseases associated with immune dysregulation:
- Primary immunodeficiencies.
- History of solid organ or bone marrow transplantation.
- Asplenia: any condition resulting in the absence of a functional spleen.
- Received any non-trial IMP within 28 days before Visit 0 or Visit 7 (Cohorts 1-4) and (Cohort 5) within 28 days before Dose 1 and Dose 2 (except seasonal influenza vaccine, which should be given at least 14 days before or after any administration of IMP).
- Blood/plasma products and/or immunoglobulin containing therapy (including monoclonal antibodies) received:
- Cohorts 1-4: within 120 days before Visit 1 or Visit 7 or administration was planned starting at Visit 0 or prior to Visit 7 until 120 days after the last IMP administration in this trial.
- +8 more criteria
Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.
Sponsors & Collaborators
- BioNTech SElead
- Pfizercollaborator
Study Sites (17)
Alliance for Multispecialty Research, LLC
Tempe, Arizona, 85281, United States
Hoag Hospital
Newport Beach, California, 92663, United States
California Research Foundation
San Diego, California, 92123, United States
Diablo Clinical Research, Inc.
Walnut Creek, California, 94598, United States
Clinical Research Consulting, LLC
Milford, Connecticut, 06460, United States
Cenexel RCA (Research Centers of America)
Hollywood, Florida, 33024, United States
Research Institute of South Florida, Inc.
Miami, Florida, 33173, United States
Great Lakes Clinical Trials LLC - Andersonville
Chicago, Illinois, 60640, United States
Johnson County Clin-Trials, Inc. (JCCT)
Lenexa, Kansas, 66219, United States
University of Kentucky Center for Clinical and Translational Science (outpatient clinic)
Lexington, Kentucky, 40536, United States
Alliance for Multispecialty Research, LLC (Kansas)
Kansas City, Missouri, 64114, United States
Finger Lakes Clinical Research
Rochester, New York, 14618, United States
CTI Clinical Research Center
Cincinnati, Ohio, 45212, United States
Alliance for Multispecialty Research, LLC
Knoxville, Tennessee, 37909, United States
Clinical Trials of Texas, LLC / Flourish Research
San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
Endeavor Clinical Trials, LLC
San Antonio, Texas, 78229, United States
DM Clinical Research
Tomball, Texas, 77375, United States
Related Publications (2)
Arieta CM, Xie YJ, Rothenberg DA, Diao H, Harjanto D, Meda S, Marquart K, Koenitzer B, Sciuto TE, Lobo A, Zuiani A, Krumm SA, Cadima Couto CI, Hein S, Heinen AP, Ziegenhals T, Liu-Lupo Y, Vogel AB, Srouji JR, Fesser S, Thanki K, Walzer K, Addona TA, Tureci O, Sahin U, Gaynor RB, Poran A. The T-cell-directed vaccine BNT162b4 encoding conserved non-spike antigens protects animals from severe SARS-CoV-2 infection. Cell. 2023 May 25;186(11):2392-2409.e21. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.04.007. Epub 2023 Apr 13.
PMID: 37164012DERIVEDWang CY, Peng WJ, Kuo BS, Ho YH, Wang MS, Yang YT, Chang PY, Shen YH, Hwang KP. Toward a pan-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine targeting conserved epitopes on spike and non-spike proteins for potent, broad and durable immune responses. PLoS Pathog. 2023 Apr 20;19(4):e1010870. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1010870. eCollection 2023 Apr.
PMID: 37079651DERIVED
MeSH Terms
Conditions
Condition Hierarchy (Ancestors)
Results Point of Contact
- Title
- BioNTech clinical trials patient information
- Organization
- BioNTech SE
Study Officials
- STUDY DIRECTOR
BioNTech Responsible Person
BioNTech SE
Publication Agreements
- PI is Sponsor Employee
- No
- Restriction Type
- OTHER
- Restrictive Agreement
- Yes
Study Design
- Study Type
- interventional
- Phase
- phase 1
- Allocation
- RANDOMIZED
- Masking
- TRIPLE
- Who Masked
- PARTICIPANT, CARE PROVIDER, INVESTIGATOR
- Masking Details
- Dose 1 was given observer-blind for Cohorts 1 to 4 and open-label for Cohort 5. Dose 2 was given open-label for Cohorts 1 to 5.
- Purpose
- PREVENTION
- Intervention Model
- SEQUENTIAL
- Sponsor Type
- INDUSTRY
- Responsible Party
- SPONSOR
Study Record Dates
First Submitted
September 14, 2022
First Posted
September 15, 2022
Study Start
November 8, 2022
Primary Completion
November 22, 2024
Study Completion
November 22, 2024
Last Updated
January 13, 2026
Results First Posted
January 13, 2026
Record last verified: 2025-12
Data Sharing
- IPD Sharing
- Will not share