Outcome Inference in the Sensory Preconditioning Task in Opioid-Use Disorder

You may not qualify if:

• Additional Criteria for In-treatment OUD group
• Current enrollment in treatment for OUD with buprenorphine or methadone (\>3 weeks on stable dose). Current use of illicit substances during treatment is permissible but not required. Rationale: Again, heterogeneity will be considerable, but what all enrollees will have in common is having sought treatment for their OUD and being currently maintained on an agonist that permits adaptive everyday functioning. Their heterogeneity in ongoing use of illicit substances will enable us to examine relationships between inferencing performance and treatment response.
• All participants
• Anosmia, dysosmia, or hyposmia (poor olfactory function), to be assessed via Sniffin Sticks threshold test \<4 or via Sniffin Sticks odor identification test \<10.
• History of any neurological condition resulting in inability to perform study task. Examples include but not limited to degenerative processes of the CNS (Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease); other neurologic diseases (Huntington disease, multiple sclerosis, other motor-neuron diseases); inflammatory conditions (sarcoidosis, Wegener granulomatosis); or significant cerebrovascular disease including (but not limited to) epilepsy, stroke, or meningitis; traumatic brain injury (TBI) or major head trauma with sustained loss of consciousness (\>30 min). To be assessed by history and physical and evaluation to sign screening consent. Eligibility will be determined based on MAI review of participants ability to perform study task. MAI will consider but is not limited to H and P results for mental status exam, language exam, and attention span exam. Rationale: any of these could impair task performance.
• History of current (past 12 months) uncontrolled DSM-5 major psychiatric disorder including major affective disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, schizophrenia, and PTSD. (Candidates will not be excluded for a history of major psychiatric disorder that is now being successfully treated.) To be assessed by MINI or SCID interview. Rationale: could impair task performance.
• History of anaphylaxis due to, e.g., significant asthma, food or non-food allergy, or intolerance to odors (including latex, detergents, soaps, etc.). To be assessed by history and physical. Rationale: could make odorant exposure risky.
• Current use of medications or substances that affect alertness and that cannot be withheld on the morning of the study visit (e.g., barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cannabinoids, chloral hydrate, haloperidol, lithium, carbamazepine, phenytoin, etc.). To be assessed by history and physical. Whether candidate will be requested to withhold any medication will be determined based on MAI judgment. Additionally, if participant has a BrAC \>0.08, MAI will use clinical judgement to determine if participant should be rescheduled. Rationale: could impair task performance.
• For women: pregnancy. To be assessed by history and physical and by urine testing. Rationale: Could affect task performance-physiological and hormonal changes during pregnancy influence rhinological function.
• Any other medical illness or condition that in the judgment of the investigators is incompatible with study participation.
• Additional criteria for Control Group
• History of a substance-use disorder (except nicotine, for matching purposes), or current use of any drug for nonmedical purposes. Controls, who cannot have a history of OUD, will be assessed by their medical history and physical examination for the presence of any signs or symptoms consistent with opioid withdrawal. Any Control with any sign or symptom consistent with opioid withdrawal will be evaluated by the MAI to rule out opioid withdrawal if possible.
• Additional criteria for Abstinent Group
• Current signs or symptoms of opioid withdrawal. These will be assessed in the Abstinent group via the Clinical Opioid Withdrawal Scale (COWS) and the Subjective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (SOWS).
• Additional criteria for In-treatment OUD group
• +1 more criteria