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Lower Vitamin D Levels During Second Trimester Are Associated With Developing Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: an Observational Cross-sectional Study
Sponsor study identifier
observational
80
0 countries
N/A
Study Start
January 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Primary Completion
August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Study Completion
August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of glucose intolerance with the onset or first recognition during pregnancy. The prevalence of GDM varies from 1-14% due to its variability worldwide, depending on the ethnicity, race, and the diagnostic criteria being applied by each country. In addition to this, approximately 7% of all pregnancies are affected by GDM, ending up more than 200,000 women with GDM per year. A recent study of literature research indicated that Middle East and North Africa had the highest prevalence (median, 12.9%) while Europe had the lowest prevalence (median, 5.8%) in the world. In Turkey the prevalence of GDM ranges between 4-10%, based on the reports in different studies. As a growing health concern, GDM has been associated with short and long-term detrimental health outcomes for women and their offspring. Maternal adverse effects of GDM are preeclampsia, elevated risk of development of hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), urinary tract infection and comorbidities following delivery. Macrosomia, neonatal jaundice, birth trauma, respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia are included in short term consequence for the neonates whereas risk for development of impaired glucose tolerance, T2DM, obesity, vascular disorders are long term adverse effects on infant's health. The known risk factors for GDM include family history of T2DM, maternal overweight and obesity, advanced maternal age, history of GDM, having macrosomic infant previously, prior fetal death, and race/ethnicity. In addition to these risk factors, recent studies have been suggested that maternal vitamin D deficiency may be associated with a higher risk of GDM. Vitamin D deficiency during the pregnancy has been associated with adverse outcomes for the pregnant women, such as gestational diabetes mellitus, urinary tract infection, preeclampsia, caesarean section during labour \[25\]. Furthermore, infants born to mothers with lower vitamin D levels have been found to be associated with elevated risk of small for gestational age, low birth weight in the neonatal period, increased risk for cardiovascular disease, respiratory illnesses, type 2 diabetes mellitus in childhood and adulthood. The aim of this study was to compare the serum 25(OH)D levels of women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and identify the serum 25(OH)D level associated with GDM during pregnancy.
Registry-reported information. Elapsed time and enrollment totals alone do not measure study progress or recruitment pace.
August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Click on a node to explore related trials.
Dates and qualifiers reported by the registry. Estimated dates do not confirm that a milestone has occurred.
January 5, 2013
Actual (reported)August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)September 6, 2018
Actual (reported)September 11, 2018
Actual (reported)Serum 25(OH)D levels
Levels of 25(OH)D on serum was measured by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in biochemistry laboratory at Gulhane Education and Research Hospital.
24-28. weeks of pregnancy
Pre-pregnancy BMI
BMI (Body Mass Index) was calculated by using the following formula: BMI=Weight (kg)/\[Height (m) × Height (m)\].
24-28. weeks of pregnancy
GDM screening at this hospital involves a two-step procedure. The diagnosis of GDM was confirmed if at least 2 of 4 glucose levels exceed based on Carpenter-Coustan criteria: fasting ≥ 95 mg/dL (5.3 mmol/L), 1 hour ≥ 180 mg/dL ( 10.0 mmol/L), 2 hour ≥ 155 mg/dL (8.6 mmol/L), and 3 hour ≥ 140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L).
Women with normal serum glucose levels ≤129 mg/dL (7.2 mmol/L) after GCT.
In this observational cross-sectional study, 40 women with GDM and 40 healthy pregnant between 20-40 years in age, in their 24-28th gestational week applied to Gulhane Education and Research Hospital were recruited. This study must recruit 40 women for each group to have 80% study power with 5% type I error level to detect a clinically significant difference.
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Damm P, Houshmand-Oeregaard A, Kelstrup L, Lauenborg J, Mathiesen ER, Clausen TD. Gestational diabetes mellitus and long-term consequences for mother and offspring: a view from Denmark. Diabetologia. 2016 Jul;59(7):1396-1399. doi: 10.1007/s00125-016-3985-5. Epub 2016 May 12.
Gülhan SAMUR, Professor
Hacettepe University
Gözde EDE, MSci
Hacettepe University
Müfit YENEN, Professor
Saglik Bilimleri Universitesi
Uğur KESKİN, Assoc. Prof.
Gulhane Education and Research Hospital
80 participants (actual enrollment reported by the registry).
First Submitted
September 6, 2018
First Posted
September 11, 2018
Study Start
January 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Contact the study team to confirm eligibility.
Zhang MX, Pan GT, Guo JF, Li BY, Qin LQ, Zhang ZL. Vitamin D Deficiency Increases the Risk of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. Nutrients. 2015 Oct 1;7(10):8366-75. doi: 10.3390/nu7105398.
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American Diabetes Association. Gestational diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Care. 2004 Jan;27 Suppl 1:S88-90. doi: 10.2337/diacare.27.2007.s88. No abstract available.
Wei SQ. Vitamin D and pregnancy outcomes. Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2014 Dec;26(6):438-47. doi: 10.1097/GCO.0000000000000117.
Durnwald C. Gestational diabetes: Linking epidemiology, excessive gestational weight gain, adverse pregnancy outcomes, and future metabolic syndrome. Semin Perinatol. 2015 Jun;39(4):254-8. doi: 10.1053/j.semperi.2015.05.002. Epub 2015 Jun 17.
Sreelakshmi PR, Nair S, Soman B, Alex R, Vijayakumar K, Kutty VR. Maternal and neonatal outcomes of gestational diabetes: A retrospective cohort study from Southern India. J Family Med Prim Care. 2015 Jul-Sep;4(3):395-8. doi: 10.4103/2249-4863.161331.
Domaracki P, Sadlecki P, Odrowaz-Sypniewska G, Dzikowska E, Walentowicz P, Siodmiak J, Grabiec M, Walentowicz-Sadlecka M. Serum 25(OH) Vitamin D Levels in Polish Women during Pregnancies Complicated by Hypertensive Disorders and Gestational Diabetes. Int J Mol Sci. 2016 Sep 27;17(10):1574. doi: 10.3390/ijms17101574.
Lu M, Xu Y, Lv L, Zhang M. Association between vitamin D status and the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016 May;293(5):959-66. doi: 10.1007/s00404-016-4010-4. Epub 2016 Jan 29.
Pirjani R, Shirzad N, Qorbani M, Phelpheli M, Nasli-Esfahani E, Bandarian F, Hemmatabadi M. Gestational diabetes mellitus its association with obesity: a prospective cohort study. Eat Weight Disord. 2017 Sep;22(3):445-450. doi: 10.1007/s40519-016-0332-2. Epub 2016 Oct 17.
Jelsma JG, van Poppel MN, Galjaard S, Desoye G, Corcoy R, Devlieger R, van Assche A, Timmerman D, Jans G, Harreiter J, Kautzky-Willer A, Damm P, Mathiesen ER, Jensen DM, Andersen L, Dunne F, Lapolla A, Di Cianni G, Bertolotto A, Wender-Oegowska E, Zawiejska A, Blumska K, Hill D, Rebollo P, Snoek FJ, Simmons D. DALI: Vitamin D and lifestyle intervention for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) prevention: an European multicentre, randomised trial - study protocol. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2013 Jul 5;13:142. doi: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-142.
Primary Completion
August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Study Completion
August 5, 2013
Actual (reported)Last Updated
September 11, 2018
Record last verified: 2018-09
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